A Comparative Study of Lithium-ion and Sodium-ion Batteries: Characteristics, Performance, and Challenges.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate. However, the limited availability of lithium and the high cost of its extraction has led to the search for alternative materials. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to the abundance of sodium and its low cost. This review paper will compare and contrast the characteristics, performance, and challenges of LIBs and SIBs.