Subfamily Carventinae

Description (New Zealand). Head. Genae large, produced anteriorly on either side of clypeus, nearly reaching or surpassing its apex to form a cleft or emarginate anterior margin of head. Rostrum short, not reaching beyond hind margin of head; bordered by bucculae at base; arising from a closed or open (Acaraptera, Lissaptera) atrium. Gula with rostral groove. Labrum fused with clypeus. Feeding stylets coiled into an anticlockwise circle. Thorax. Metathoracic scent gland openings inconspicuous, without well-developed evaporatory area. Tarsal claws with non-lamellate triangular (spatulate) pseudopulvilli. Abdomen. Dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) I–II at least partially fused, distinct from tergal disc (fused dmtg III–VI). Posterior margin of dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) III–V distinctly bent backward. Dorsal abdominal scent glands with first opening (or scar thereof) more developed than second and third. Pattern of apodemal markings 2:1:1 (dorsal, except 2:2: 1 in Acaraptera and Lissaptera); 2:2:1 (ventral, except 2:1: 1 in Leuraptera). Male genitalia. Pygophore trilobate (two dorsal lobes, one ventral lobe); parameres symmetrical; paratergites VIII strongly developed, projecting on each side of pygophore.

References. Larivière and Larochelle 2004: 51–53, 226–231, 285–289 (catalogue, biology, distribution, maps, references, type photos), 2006 (descriptions of subfamily and genera, habitus photos, key to genera, faunal diversification and affinities), 2014: 350 (updated checklist).

Alphabetical checklist of taxa

Valid genus- and species-group taxa are listed alphabetically (E = Endemic, N = Native, but not endemic to New Zealand).

Subfamily Carventinae Genus Acaraptera Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 N myersi Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 E waipouensis Heiss, 1990 E Genus Carventaptera Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 E hallae Larivière and Larochelle E, new species spinifera Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 E Genus Clavaptera Kirman, 1985 E ornata Kirman, 1985 E Genus Leuraptera Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 E zealandica Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 E Genus Lissaptera Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 N completa (Usinger and Matsuda, 1959) E heissi Larivière and Larochelle E, new species Genus Modicarventus Kirman, 1989 E kirmani Larivière and Larochelle E, new species wisei Kirman, 1989 E Genus Neocarventus Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 E angulatus Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 E montanus Larivière and Larochelle E, new species northlandicus Larivière and Larochelle E, new species potterae Larivière and Larochelle E, new species Genus Tuataraptera Larivière and Larochelle E, new genus unca (Kirman, 1989) E, new combination

Key to genera of Carventinae (New Zealand)

1. Rostrum arising from an open atrium (Fig. 2). Pleuron of connexivum reflexed (visible from above), extending forward to posterolateral angles of pronotum (Fig. 5–6).......................... 2

— Rostrum arising from a closed atrium (Fig. 3). Pleuron of connexivum neither reflexed (not visible from above) nor extending forward to posterolateral angles of pronotum......................... 3

2(1). Mesonotum, metanotum, and dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) I–II of abdomen fused (Fig. 5) into a smooth notal plate interrupted only by a median transverse suture between dmtg I–II. Fig. 44–47. [Body length about 3.0– 3.5 mm (male), 3.6–3.9 mm (female)].. Genus Lissaptera Usinger and Matsuda

— Mesonotum, metanotum, and dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) I–II of abdomen not fused (Fig. 6) into a smooth notal plate. Fig. 48–51. [Body length about 3.0 mm (male), 3.4 mm (female); disc of mesonotum with a U-shaped backward projection (Fig. 9)].... Genus Acaraptera Usinger and Matsuda

3(1). Dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) I–II of abdomen broadly fused with metanotum and mesonotum medially, produced into a forward subtriangular projection (Fig. 7) reaching anterior margin of mesonotum. Fig. 52–53. [Body length about 3.6 mm (male), 4.8 mm (female)].............................................................................. Genus Leuraptera Usinger and Matsuda

— Dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) I–II of abdomen separated from metanotum by a distinct suture, not produced into a forward projection........................................................ 4

4(3). Disc of mesonotum produced into a hexagonal to subelliptical backward projection (Fig. 10) reaching anterior three quarters of metanotum. Pro-, meso-, and metanotum separated by very deep gaps. Dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) I–II of abdomen completely fused. Fig. 54–55. [Body length about 3.1 mm (male), 3.5 mm (female); posterolateral angles of metanotum (male) strongly produced into horn-shaped spines]........................................... Genus Clavaptera Kirman

— Disc of mesonotum not produced into a hexagonal to subelliptical backward projection as above. Pro-, meso-, and metanotum not separated by very deep gaps. Dorsal mediotergites (dmtg) I–II of abdomen at least partially separated from each other.......................................... 5

5(4). Disc of mesonotum produced into a V-shaped backward projection, without anterolateral projections (Fig. 11). Vestigial wing pads present,appearing as small narrow plates fused to the thorax. Posterolateral angles of ventral laterotergites (vltg) V–VII of connexivum produced, visible from above. Fig. 56–59. [Body length about 4.1 mm (male), 4.9 mm (female)]............................................................................... Genus Carventaptera Usinger and Matsuda

— Disc of mesonotum produced into a V-shaped or rounded-subquadrate to subpentagonal backward projection, with two anterolateral projections covering much of lateral portions (Fig. 12–14). Vestigial wing pads absent. Posterolateral angles of ventral laterotergites (vltg) V–VII of connexivum unproduced, not visible from above.......................................................... 6

6(5). Disc of mesonotum produced into a rounded-subquadrate to subpentagonal backward projection (Fig. 13). Posterior margin of mesonotum thickened, curved to the rear and produced on each side of backward projection. Dorsal mediotergite (dmtg) III of tergal plate divided longitudinally by a median sulcus. Posterolateral angles of metanotum (male) unproduced or faintly produced, not forming acutely tipped spines. Fig. 60–63. [Body length about 2.5–2.9 mm (male), 3.1–3.5 mm (female)].................................................. Genus Modicarventus Kirman

— Disc of mesonotum produced into a V-shaped backward projection (Fig. 12, 14). Posterior margin of mesonotum neither thickened nor curved backward as above. Dorsal mediotergite III of tergal plate undivided. Posterolateral angles of metanotum (male) moderately to strongly produced, forming short to long, acutely tipped spines..................................................... 7

7(6). V-shaped backward projection of mesonotum nearly reaching posterior margin of metanotum, apically flanked by two small, rounded metanotal callosities (Fig. 8, 12). Tergal plate (dmtg III–VI) completely fused. Posterolateral angles of metanotum, in male, slightly to moderately elevated and produced, forming regularly curved to angular, acutely tipped spines slightly surpassing anterior margin of dmtg I; in female, distinctly thickened, forming rounded-subtriangular lobes. Fig. 64–69. [Body length about 3.1–3.4 mm (male), 3.5–3.8 mm (female)].............................................................................. Genus Neocarventus Usinger and Matsuda

— V-shaped backward projection of mesonotum reaching posterior margin of metanotum, apically flanked by coarse granules (Fig. 14). Tergal plate (dmtg III–VI) superficially unfused, with shallow sulci delimiting three large plates and apodemal markings. Posterolateral angles of metanotum, in male, strongly elevated and produced, forming long, sinuate, acutely tipped spines reaching anterior third to middle of first visible connexival segment; in female, slightly thickened, not forming roundedsubtriangular lobes. Fig. 70–71. [Body length about 3.2 mm (male), 3.9 mm (female)]............................................. Genus Tuataraptera Larivière and Larochelle, new genus