Published December 16, 2025
| Version v.7.0
Dataset
Open
Global Bee Interaction Data
Authors/Creators
- 1. University of California Santa Barbara
-
2.
Ronin Institute
-
3.
University of California, Santa Barbara
Description
Last modified: December 17, 2025
Introduction
This dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others.
Data Description
Please see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data.
Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format.
Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields
Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data.
The counts and metrics include exact duplicates (found in the interactions.tsv file). globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz file removes exact duplicates and currently totals 1,868,619 records.
If you know of a missing dataset, or wish to share your dataset, please contact us!
Metrics
| Date |
Total bee records |
| 07-17-2020 | 232,906 |
| 01-24-2021 | 257,738 |
| 11-17-2021 | 226,160 |
| 06-01-2022 | 286,818 |
| 11-07-2022 | 429,308 |
| 01-18-2024 | 842,819 |
| 07-03-2024 | 1,109,057 |
| 01-09-2025 | 1,223,768 |
| 11-25-2025 | 2,480,473 |
| 12-16-2025 | 3,030,355 |
| Date | Andrenidae | Apidae | Colletidae | Halictidae |
| 07-17-2020 | 73,463 | 106,222 | 20,821 | 58,880 |
| 01-24-2021 | 77,824 | 120,919 | 21,376 | 63,945 |
| 11-17-2021 | 25,535 | 134,517 | 10,568 | 43,070 |
| 06-01-2022 | 78,016 | 144,827 | 20,409 | 64,054 |
| 11-07-2022 | 84,172 | 171,378 | 30,792 | 79,155 |
| 01-18-2024 | 166,473 | 334,224 | 63,847 | 171,931 |
| 07-03-2024 |
289,400 |
371,953 |
83,337 |
190,562 |
| 01-09-2025 |
204,565 |
686,195 |
70,724 |
241,856 |
| 11-25-2025 |
269,191 |
1,509,768 |
129,763 |
386,203 |
| 12-16-2025 |
277,549 |
2,015,320 |
132,253 |
413,572 |
| Date | Megachilidae | Melittidae | Stenotritidae |
| 07-17-2020 | 44,449 | 2,511 | 23 |
| 01-24-2021 | 48,856 | 2,624 | 18 |
| 11-17-2021 | 37,001 | 995 | 9 |
| 06-01-2022 | 54,516 | 2,994 | 18 |
| 11-07-2022 | 61,391 | 2,396 | 24 |
| 01-18-2024 | 100,814 | 5,088 | 442 |
| 07-03-2024 |
162,587 |
4,964 |
438 |
| 01-09-2025 |
126,113 |
5,928 |
441 |
| 11-25-2025 |
174,935 |
9,764 |
849 |
| 12-16-2025 |
180,494 |
10,318 |
849 |
Included files
The counts and metrics include exact duplicates (found in the interactions.tsv file). globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz file removes exact duplicates and currently totals 1,868,619 records.
- filter_and_count_bee_families.sh - script for separating bee records into family and counting number of records for each family
- citation-count.sh - script for counting citations
- unique_citations.tsv - data sources and citation counts for this dataset. Same information in the ReferenceCitation table below.
- family_counts.tsv - counts by family
- globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2025-Nov-25 produced by [filter_and_count_bee_families.sh].
- interactions.tsv.gz - archive of the full Global Biotic Interaction dataset on November 25, 2025. Downloaded from https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org
Interaction Sources
Below is a list of sources that contributed to this dataset, along with raw counts of unique interactions and links to the corresponding digital archives and reviews. These datasets are indexed and reviewed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) using automated, reproducible workflows that extract species-interaction records, reconcile taxonomic names against authoritative catalogs, and summarize the findings. Each review produces a versioned digital archive to ensure long-term preservation and to document data provenance. For details, see the Methods section within each linked archive.
| ReferenceCitation | Count |
| http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world. | 287441 |
| Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a food web for Switzerland. EnviDat. https://www.doi.org/10.16904/envidat.467. | 266611 |
| USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT | 258683 |
| ecdysis - a portal for live-managing arthropod occurrence data | 182755 |
| Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388; PBI: Phytophagous Insects as a Model Group for Documenting Planetary Biodiversity (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae, Phylinae). Version: 08 Mar 2016. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0316495; Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 08 Mar 2016. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115 | 113301 |
| University of Kansas Natural History Museum - Snow Entomological Museum Collection | 112041 |
| Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000 | 99024 |
| Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN) | 79213 |
| Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University | 62736 |
| Balfour, N.J., Castellanos, M.C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A. and Johnson, C., 2022. DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103, e3801. | 41298 |
| PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au. | 28517 |
| Guzman, Laura Melissa; Kelly, Tyler; Elle, Elizabeth, 2022, "A dataset for pollinator diversity and their interactions with plants in the Pacific NorthWest", https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WTEZNH, Borealis, V1 | 27114 |
| University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner. | 24564 |
| Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867 | 23727 |
| A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. | 18770 |
| Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit | 18003 |
| Dorey, J.B., Fischer, E.E., Chesshire, P.R. et al. A globally synthesised and flagged bee occurrence dataset and cleaning workflow. Sci Data 10, 747 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02626-w | 17603 |
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| Pensoft Darwin Core Archives with associateTaxa columns | 10211 |
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| University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Division of Insects | 6600 |
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References
Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005
Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037
Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please
Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species.
Acknowledgements
This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850
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References
- Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005
- Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037