Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:67.

TYPE LOCALITY: S Sweden.

DISTRIBUTION: Tunisia; NE Algeria; Europe east to Crimea and Caucasus; Turkey; N Iran; C Asia from N Afghanistan, Kashmir (India) and Russian Turkestan east to Siberia, Mongolia, W and N China and Ussuri region (Russia); in Corsica and Sardinia only since Neolithic; North America, where now restricted to western areas and reserves. Red Deer (C. e. elaphus and related subspecies) introduced to Morocco, USA, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand; Wapiti (C. e. canadensis and related subspecies) introduced to Ural Mtns and Volga Steppe (Russia) and New Zealand.

STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as C. e. hanglu; Appendix II as C. e. bactrianus; Appendix III (Tunisia) as C. e. barbarus. U.S. ESA - Endangered as C. e. bactrianus, C. e. barbarus, C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu, C. e. macneilli, C. e. wallichi, and C. e. yarkandensis; IUCN - Endangered as C. e. bactrianus, C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu, C. e. wallichi, and C. e. yarkandensis; Vulnerable as C. e. barbarus; Indeterminate as C. e. macneilli.

SYNONYMS: affinis, alashanicus, albicus, albifrons, albus, asiaticus, atlanticus, bactrianus, baicalensis, bajovaricus, balticus, barbarus, bedfordianus, biedermanni, bolivari, brauneri, campestris, canadensis, carpathicus, cashmeriensis, casperianus, caspius, caucasicus, corsicanus, debilis, eustephanus, germanicus, hanglu, hagenbecki, hippelaphus, hispanicus, isubra, kansuensis, luedorfi, macneilli, major, manitobensis, maral, mediterraneus, merriami, minor, montanus, nannodes, naryanus, neglectus, nelsoni, occidentalis, rhenanus, roosevelti, saxonicus, scoticus, sibiricus, songaricus, tauricus, tibetanus, ussuricus, varius, visurgensis, vulgaris, wachei, wallichi, wapiti, wardi, xanthopygus, yarkandensis.

COMMENTS: For synonyms see Corbet (1978c:201), McCullough (1969), and Hall (1981:1084- 1087). Reviewed by J.M. Dolan (1988).