CHANGES ACQUIRED IN PEROXIDASE –A KEY MARKER IN PLANT DEFENSE; UPON ROOT TO ROOT TRANSFER OF GLOMUS GEOSPORUM TO LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL

ABSTRACT

Plant defense responses are strongly stimulated by AM fungi in host plants by control over defense gene expression during establishment of a successful functional symbiosis. Peroxidase requiring compounds are laid down on cell wall as barrier against microbial incursion thus can be used as an indicator in plant defense responses. In the present study, activity and expression of peroxidase was monitored in Glomus geosporum (transferred from roots of Cyperus rotundus) colonized and uncolonized two-weeks-old Lycopersicon esculentum Mill seedlings for two pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici separately. Mycorrhizal colonized plants without pathogen and that infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici showed increased protein and POD activity in comparison to uncolonized plants after 120 hrs. Mycorrhizal colonized plants infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed less protein and POD activity than uncolonized plants; while POD activity in these plants increased from 72hrs to 120hrs. Response observed was more promising against soil borne pathogen than air borne pathogen after both 72hrs and 120hrs. Statistical analysis (Unpaired t-test) showed that an increase in total protein content in mycorrhizal than uncolonized plants and decrease in POD activity in mycorrhizal colonized plants infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa than uncolonized plants is insignificant. Except these two sets difference in total protein content and POD activity between colonized and uncolonized plants was statistically significant at both 72hrs and 120hrs.This study concludes that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi can be transferred from one root to another and it modulates plants defense mechanism by increasing the basal level responses (priming) in the host.

Keywords: Glomus geopsporum; Peroxidase; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

REFERENCES

1. Abeles, F.B., Dunn, L.J., Morgens, P., Callahan, A., Dinterman, R.E., Schmidt, J. 1988. Induction of 33-kD and 60-kD peroxidases during ethylene-induced senescence of cucumber cotyledons. Plant. Physiol., 87: 609–615.
2. Akiyama, K., Matsuzaki, K., Hayashi, H. 2005. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature, 435: 824-827.
3. Bagyaraj, D.J., Manjunath, A., Reddy, D.D.R. 1979. Interaction of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza with root knot nematodes in tomato. Plant. Soil, 51: 397-403.
4. .Barto, E.K., Weidenhamer, J.D., Cipollini, D., Rillig, M.C. 2012. Fungal superhighways: do common mycorrhizal networks enhance below ground communication? Trend. Plant. Sci 17: 633-637.
5. Birecka, H. and Garraway, M.O. 1975. Corn leaf isoperoxidase reaction to mechanical injury and infection with Helminthosporium maydis. Plant. Physiol, 61: 561-566.
6. Blee, K.A. and Anderson A.J. 2000. Defense responses in plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Current advances in mycorrhizae research (Podila, G.K. and Douds, D.D. Eds.) pp. 27–44, Minnesota, USA: The American Phytopathological Society.
7. Blilou, I., Bueno, P., Ocampo, J.A., García‐Garrido, JM. 2000. Induction of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities in tobacco roots inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Mycol. Res, 104: 722–725.
8. Campos-Soriano, L., García-Martínez, J., Segundo, B. 2011. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis promotes the systemic induction of regulatory defence-related genes in rice leaves and confers resistance to pathogen infection. Mol. Plant. Pathol, 13: 579-592.
9. Chanwun, T., Muhamad, N., Chirapongsatonkul, N., Churngchow, N. 2013. Hevea Brasiliensis Cell Suspension Peroxidase: Purification, characterization and application for dye decolorization. AMB. Express, 3: 1-9.
10. Chittoor, J.M., Leach, J.E., White, F.F. 1997. Differential induction of a peroxidase gene family during infection of rice by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Mol. Plant. Microbe. Interact, 7: 861-71.
11. Daft, M.J. and Okusanya, B.O. 1973. Effect of endogone mycorrhiza on plant growth. V. Influence of infection on the multiplication of viruses in tomato, petunia and strawberry. New. Phytol, 72: 975-983.
12. Dehne, H.W. 1982. Interaction between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant pathogens. Phytopathology, 72: 1115-1119.
13. Dehne, H.W. and Schoenbeck, F. 1979. The influence of endotrophic mycorrhiza on plant diseases. I. colonization of tomato plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Phytopathol. Z, 95: 105-110.
14. Espelie, K.E., Franceschi, V.R., Kolattukudy, PE. 1986. Immunocytochemical localization and time course of appearance of an anionic peroxidase associated with suberization in wound-healing potato tuber tissue. Plant. Physiol, 81: 487–492.
15. 15.Fry, SC. 1986. Cross-linking of matrix polymers in the growing cell walls of angiosperms. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol, 37: 165–186.
16. .García‐Garrido, J.M. and Ocampo, J.A. 2002. Regulation of the plant defence response in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. J. Exp. Bot, 53:1377-1386.
17. Hale, M.G. and Orcutt, D.M. 1986.  The physiology of plants under stress. John Wiley and Sons: New York.
18. Jung, S.C., Martinez-Medina, A., Lopez-Raez, J.A., Pozo, M.J. 2012. Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. J. Chem. Ecol., 38: 651-664.
19. Kapoor, R. 2008. Induced resistance in mycorrhizal tomato is correlated to concentration of jasmonic acid. OnLine. J. Biol. Sci, 8: 49-56.
20. Lagrimini, L.M., Joly, R.J., Dunlap, J.R., Liu, T.T. 1997. The consequence of peroxidase overexpression in transgenic plants on root growth and development. Plant. Mol. Biol,  33: 887–895.
21. .Limam, F., Chahed, K., Ouelhazi, N., Ghrir, R., Ouelhazi, L.  1998. Phytohormone regulation of isoperoxidases in Catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. Phytochem, 49: 1219-25.
22. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, RJ. 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem, 193: 265-75.
23. .Morton, J.B. and Benny, G.L. 1990.  Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37: 471–491.
24. Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant, 15: 473–497.
25. Phillips, J.M. and Hayman, D.S. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc, 55: 158–161.
26. Pozo, M.J., Cordier, C., Dumas-Gaudot, E., Gianinazzi, S., Barea, J.M., Azcón-Aguilar, C. 2001. Localized versus systemic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on defense responses to Phytopthora infection in tomato plants. J. Exp. Bot, 53: 525-534.
27. Rodríguez, Y., Pérez, E., Solórzano, E., Meneses, A.R., Fernánde, F. 2001. Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase activities in tomato roots inoculated with Glomus clarum or Glomus fasciculatum. Cultivos. Tropicales, 22: 11-16.
28. 28.Santos, B.A., Maia, L.C., Cavalcante, U.M., Correia, M.T., Coelho, L.C. 2001. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil phosphorus level on expression of protein. Braz. J. Biol, 61: 693-700.
29. Schoenbeck, F. and Spengler, G. 1978. Detection of TMV in mycorrhizal cells of tomato by immunofluorescence Phytopathol. Z, 94: 84-86.
30. Shankar, T., Pavaraj, M., Umamaheshwari, K., Prabhu, D., Baskaran, S. 2011. Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the root-knot nematode Meladogyne incognita Infecting tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. Acad. J. Entomol, 4: 114-117.
31. Sikora, R.A. and Schoenbeck, F. 1975.  Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (Endogone mosseae) on the population dynamics of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidigyne hapla). VIII. Int. Congr. Plant. Protect, 5: 158-166.
32. Song, Y.Y., Zeng, R.S., Xu, J.F., Li, J., Shen, X., Yihdego, WG. 2010. Interplant communication of tomato plants through underground common mycorrhizal networks. PlosONe, 5: e13324.
33. Strack, D., Fester, T., Bssettina, H., Schliemann, W., Walter, M.H. 2003. Review Paper: Arbuscular mycorrhiza: Biological, chemical, and molecular Aspects. J. Chem. Ecol, 29: 1955-1979.
34. Summer, J.B. and Gjessing, E.C. 1943.  Determination of peroxidase activity. Arch. Biochem, 2: 291.
35. Whetten, R.W., Mackay, J.J., Sederoff, R.R. 1998. Recent advances in understanding lignin biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol, 49: 585–609.