Biodiversity Literature Repository

Submit to community
Liberated Data
Published December 2, 2020 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

Caracal caracal (Carnivora: Felidae)

Description

Veals, Amanda M, Burnett, Alexandra D, Morandini, Marina, Drouilly, Marine, Koprowski, John L (2020): Caracal caracal (Carnivora: Felidae). Mammalian Species 52 (993): 71-85, DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/seaa006, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/seaa006

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted. Log in to check if you have access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:132A6345-DC6B-406E-936D-AD4F9041B791
LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:DF779066FF9CFFCCEB38FF9251486960
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/DF779066FF9CFFCCEB38FF9251486960

Cites
Publication: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3847A50650230.en (DOI)
Has part
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/234EE81EFF9CFFCCEA72FBE654D66E5B (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/234EE81EFF9DFFC9EBC1FF5952806F22 (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168956 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168958 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168960 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168962 (DOI)

References

  • ALBAYRAK, T., G. GIANNATOS, AND B. KABASAKAL. 2012. Carnivore and ungulate populations in the Beydaglari Mountains (Antalya, Turkey): border region between Asia and Europe. Polish Journal of Ecology 60:419-428.
  • ALLEN, J. A. 1924. Carnivora collect by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 47:73-281.
  • ANILE, S., AND S. DEVILLARD. 2018. Camera-trapping provides insights into adult sex ratio variability in felids. Mammal Review 48:168-179.
  • AVENANT, N. L. 1993. The caracal Felis caracal Schreber, 1776, as predator in the West Coast National Park. M.Sc. thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • AVENANT, N. L., ET AL. 2016. A conservation assessment of Caracal caracal. Pp. 1-11 in The Red List of mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho (M. F. CHILD, L. ROXBURGH, E. DO LINH SAN, D. RAIMONDO, AND H. T. DAVIES MOSTERT, EDS.). South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • AVENANT, N. L., AND J. J. DU PLESSIS. 2008. Sustainable small stock farming and ecosystem conservation in Southern Africa: a role for small mammals? Mammalia 72:258-263.
  • AVENANT, N. L., AND J. A. J. NEL. 1998. Home-range use, activity, and density of caracal in relation to prey density. African Journal of Ecology 36:347-359.
  • AVGAN, B., P. HENSHCEL, AND A. GHODDOUSI. 2016. Caracal. In: IUCN 2016 (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version: e.T3847A102424310. https:// dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3847A50650230.en. Accessed 5 June 2017.
  • BADENHORST, C. G. 2014. The economic cost of large stock predation in the North West Province of South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
  • BERNARD, R. T. F., AND C. T. STUART. 1987. Reproduction of the caracal Felis caracal from the Cape Province of South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 22:177-182.
  • BOTHMA, J. DU P. 2012. Literature review of the ecology and control of the black-backed jackal and caracal in South Africa. An independent literature review commissioned by Cape Nature.
  • BOTHMA, J. DU P., AND E. A. N. LERICHE. 1994. Range use by an adult male caracal in the southern Kalahari. Koedoe 37:105-108.
  • BRACZKOWSKI, A., L. WATSON, D. COULSON, J. LUCAS, B. PEISER, AND M. ROSSI. 2012. The diet of caracal, Caracal caracal, in two areas of the southern Cape, South Africa as determined by scat analysis. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 42:111-116.
  • BRAND,D.J. 1989.Die beheer van rooikatte (Felis caracal)en bobbejane (Papio ursinus) in Kaapland met behulp van meganiese metodes. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • BUFFON, G.-L. L. 1761. Le Caracal. Histoire Naturelle, generalle et particuliere, avec la Description du Cabinet du Roi. Tome IX. L'Imprimerie Royale, Paris, France.
  • CADE, C. E. 1968. A note on the breeding of the caracal lynx at Nairobi Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 8:45.
  • CARO, T. M., AND C. J. STONER. 2003. The potential for interspecific competition among African carnivores. Biological Conservation 110:67-75.
  • CHRISTIANSEN, P., AND J. S. ADOLFSSEN. 2005. Bite forces, canine strength and skull allometry in carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora). Journal of Zoology 266:133-151.
  • CITES [CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA]. 2020. Caracal caracal. https://cites. org/eng/node/20372. Accessed 29 July 2020.
  • COETZEE, C. G. 1977. Part 8: order Carnivora. Pp. 1-42 in The mammals of Africa: an identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  • CONRADIE, B., AND J. PIESSE. 2013. The effect of predator culling on livestock losses: Ceres, South Africa, 1979-1987. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 8:265-272.
  • DE CAMPS, S., J. P. DUBEY, AND W. J. A. SAVILLE. 2008. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern United States. Journal of Parasitology 94:649-653.
  • DE SMET, K. J. M. 1989. Studie van de verspreiding en biotoopkeuze van de grote mammalia in Algerije in het kader van het natuurebehoud. Ph.D. dissertation, Rijks University, Gent, Holland.
  • DEHNHARD, M., C. FINKENWIRTH, A. CROSIER, L. PENFOLD, J. RINGLEB, AND K. JEWGENOW. 2012. Using PGFM (13, 14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin F2α) as a non-invasive pregnancy marker for felids. Theriogenology 77:1088-1099.
  • DI CESARE, A., F. LAIACONA, R. IORIO, M. MARANGI, AND A. MENEGOTTO. 2016. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in wild felids of South Africa. Parasitology Research 115:3731-3735.
  • DRAGESCO-JOFFe, A. (ED.) 1993. La vie sauvage au Sahara. Delachaux et Niestle. Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • DROUILLY, M., A. CLARK, AND M. J. O'RIAIN. 2018a. Multi-species occupancy modelling of mammal and ground bird communities in rangeland in the Karoo: a case for dryland systems globally. Biological Conservation 224:16-25.
  • DROUILLY, M., N. NATTRASS, AND M. J. O'RIAIN. 2018b. Dietary niche relationships among predators on farmland and a protected area. The Journal of Wildlife Management 82:507-518.
  • DROUILLY, M., AND M. J. O'RIAIN. 2019. Wildlife winners and losers of extensive small-livestock farming: a case study in the South African Karoo. Biodiversity and Conservation 28:1493-1511.
  • DROUILLY, M., M. TAFANI, N. NATTRASS, AND M. J. O'RIAIN. 2018c. Spatial, temporal and attitudinal dimensions of conflict between predators and small-livestock farmers in the Central Karoo. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 35:245-255.
  • DU PLESSIS, J. J., N. L. AVENANT, AND H. O. DE WAAL. 2015. Quality and quantity of the scientific information available on black-backed jackals and caracals: contributing to human-predator conflict management? African Journal of Wildlife Research 45:138-157.
  • FARHADINIA, M. S., H. AKBARI, M. BEHESHTI, AND A. SADEGHI. 2007. Ecology and status of the caracal, Caracal caracal, in the Abbasabad Naein Reserve, Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 41:5-10.
  • FISCHER, J. B. 1829. Synopsis Mammalium.Addenda, Emendanda et Index ad Synopsis Mammalium. J. G. Cottae, Stuttgart, Germany.
  • FURSTENBURG, D. 2010. Focus on the caracal (Caracal caracal). S A Hunter 10045:34-38
  • GHODDOUSI, A., T. GHADIRIAN, AND H. FAHIMI. 2009. Status of caracal in Bahram'gur Protected Area, Iran. Cat News 50:10-30.
  • GIANNATOS, G., T. ALBAYRAK, AND A. ERDOGAN. 2006. Status of the caracal in protected areas in southwestern Turkey. Cat News 45:23-24.
  • GOODROWE, K. L., G. J. CRAWSHAW, AND K. G. MEHREN. 1991. Stimulation of ovarian activity and oocyte recovery in the caracal (Felis caracal) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22:42-48.
  • GOWDA, C. D. K. 1967. A note on the birth of the caracal lynx, Felis caracal at Myosore Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 7:133.
  • GRAHAM, L. H., K. L. GOODROWE, J. I. RAESIDE, AND R. M. LIPTRAP. 1995. Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17β and progestins. Zoo Biology 14:223-237.
  • GRAHAM, L. H., J. I. RAESIDE, K. L. GOODROWE, AND R. M. LIPTRAP. 1993. Measurements of faecal oestradiol and progesterone in non-pregnant and pregnant domestic and exotic cats. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 47:119-120.
  • GRAY, J. E. 1843. List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History) Publications, London, United Kingdom.
  • GROBLER, J. H. 1981. Feeding behavior of the caracal Felis caracal Schreber 1776 in the Mountain Zebra National Park. South African Journal of Zoology 16:259-262.
  • GROBLER, J. H. 1982. Growth of a male caracal kitten Felis Caracal in the Mountain Zebra National Park. Koedoe 25:117-119.
  • GROVES, C. P. 1982. Cranial and dental characteristics in the systematics of Old World Felidae. Carnivore 5: 28-39.
  • GUGGISBERG, C. A. W. (ED.). 1975. Caracal, Desert Lynx. Pp. 32-35 in Wild cats of the World. Taplinger, New York.
  • HABIBI, K. 1977.The mammals of Afghanistan: their distribution and status. UNDP/FAO/Department of Forests and Range, Kabul, Afghanistan.
  • HANEKOM, N., AND R. M. RANDALL. 2015. Assessments of occurrence and distribution of mammals in forests of the Garden Route National Park based on camera trapping. Koedoe 57:1-7.
  • HASSAN-BEIGI,Y. 2015. Conservation biology of the caracal (Caracal caracal) in Iran: action plan and conservation genetics. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • HEPTNER, V. G. 1945. Position systematique du caracal du Turkenstan (Felis caracal Mull., 1776). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS 49:229-230.
  • HEPTNER, V. G., AND A. A. SLUDSKII. 1992. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume 2, part 2. Carnivora (hyaenas and cats). Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington, D.C.
  • HOATH, R. 2003. A field guide to the mammals of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, Egypt.
  • HORAK, I. G., J.-C. BAUCOURNU, AND L. E. O. BRAACK. 2004. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLIV. Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) collected from 15 carnivore species. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 71:9-14.
  • HORAK, I. G., H. HEYNE, AND E. F. DONKIN. 2010. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLVIII. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic cats and wild felids in southern Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 77:13-19.
  • HUFNAGEL, E. 1972. Cats (Felidae). Pp. 41-44 in Libyan mammals (E. HUFNAGEL AND A. CRAIG-BENNETT, EDS.). The Oleander Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • ILEMIN,Y., AND B. GuRKAN. 2010. Status and activity patterns of the caracal Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776), in Datca and Bozburun peninsulas, southwestern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 50:3-10.
  • IORI, A., AND P. LANFRANCHI. 1996. Contribution to the knowledge of helminthofauna of wild mammals of Somalia. Parassitologia 38:511-515.
  • JACKSON, O. F., AND D. M. JONES. 1979. Cystine calculi in a caracal lynx (Felis caracal). Journal of Comparative Pathology 89:39-42.
  • JANCZEWSKI, D. N., W. S. MODI, J. C. STEPHENS, AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 1995. Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12S RNA and cytochrome b sequences in the pantherine lineage of Felidae. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12:690-707.
  • JARDINE, W. 1834. The naturalist's library. Mammalia. Vol. 2. W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • JOHNSON, W. E., ET AL. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311:73-77.
  • JOHNSON, W. E., AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 1997. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes. Journal of Molecular Evolution 44:98-116.
  • JOUBERT, E., D. MORSBACH, AND V. WALLIS. 1982. The 1982 distribution patterns and status of some mammals on farms in southwest Africa. N 18/2/2/1 Departmental Report. Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreational Resorts, Windhoek, Namibia.
  • KENMUIR, D., AND R. WILLIAMS. 1975. Wild mammals a field guide and introduction to the mammals of Rhodesia. Longman, Salisbury, Maryland.
  • KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class 1. Mammalia. John Murray, London, United Kingdom.
  • KINGDON, J. 1990. Arabian mammals: a natural history. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
  • KINGDON, J., AND M. HOFFMANN (EDS.). 2013. Carnivores, pangolins, equids, and rhinoceroses. Pp. 173-179 in Mammals of Africa.Volume 5. Bloomsburg Publishing, London, United Kingdom.
  • KINNAIRD, M. F., AND T. G. O'BRIEN. 2012. Effects of private-land use, livestock management, and human tolerance on diversity, distribution, and abundance of large African mammals. Conservation Biology 26:1026-1039.
  • KITCHENER, A. C., ET AL. 2017. A revised taxonomy of Felidae: the final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group. Cat News Special Issue 11, 80 pp. 1027-2992.
  • KOHN, T. A., AND T. NOAKES. 2013. Lion (Panthera leo) and caracal (Caracal caracal) type IIx single muscle fiber force and power exceed that of trained humans. Journal of Experimental Biology 216:960-696.
  • KOWALSKI, K., AND B. RZEBIK-KOWALSKA. 1991. Mammals of Algeria. Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
  • KRALIK, S.1967. Breeding of the caracal lynx at Brno Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 7:132.
  • LANE, E. P., ET AL. 2016. Feline panleukopaenia virus in captive nondomestic felids in South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 83:1099.
  • LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synoymis, locis. 10th ed. Laurentii Salvii. Stockholm, Sweden.
  • LIVINGSTON, S. E. 2009. The nutrition and natural history of the serval (Felis serval) and caracal (Caracal caracal). The Veterinary Clinics of North America 12:327-334.
  • MACDONALD, D. W., A. J. LOVERIDGE, AND K. NOWELL. 2010. Dramatis personae: an introduction to the wild felids. Pp. 3-58 in Biology and conservation of wild felids (D. Macdonald and A. Loveridge, eds.). Oxford University Press, New York.
  • MACDONALD, M. L., Q. R. ROGERS, AND J. G. MORRIS. 1984. Nutrition of the domestic cat: a mammalian carnivore.Annual Review of Nutrition 4:521-562.
  • MARKER, L., AND A. DICKMAN. 2005. Notes on the spatial ecology of caracals (Felis caracal), with particular reference to Namibian farmlands. African Journal of Ecology 43:73-76.
  • MATSCHIE, P. 1892. Neue afrikanische Saugthiere. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1892:107-114.
  • MATSCHIE, P. 1912. Uber einige Rassen des Steppenluchses Felis (Caracal) caracal (St. Mull.). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1912:55-67.
  • MEESTER J. A. J., I. L. RAUTENBACH, N. J. DIPPENAAR, AND C. M. BAKER. 1986. Classification of Southern African Mammals. Transvaal Museum Monograph 5:1-359.
  • MELLEN, J. D. 1991. Factors influencing reproductive success in small captive exotic felids (Felis spp.): a multiple regression analysis. Zoo Biology 10:95-110.
  • MELVILLE, H. I. A. S., AND J. DU P. BOTHMA. 2006. Using spoor counts to analyse the effect of small stock farming in Namibia on caracal density in the neighboring Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Journal of Arid Environments 64:436-447.
  • MELVILLE, H. I. A. S., J. DU P. BOTHMA, AND M. G. L. MILLS. 2004. Prey selection by caracal in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34:67-75.
  • MINNIE, L., N. L. AVENANT, M. DROUILLY, AND I. SAMUELS. 2018. Biology and ecology of the black-backed jackal and the caracal. Pp. 187-213 in Livestock predation and its management in South Africa: a scientific assessment (G. I. H. Kerley, S. L. Wilson, and D. Balfour, eds.). Center for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
  • MOOLMAN, L. C. 1986. Aspekte van die ekologie en gedrag van die rooikat Felis caracal Schreber, 1776 in die Bergkwagga Nasionale Park en op die omliggende plase. M.Sc. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • MORALES, J., D. SORIA, P. MONTOYA, B. PeREZ, AND M. J. SALESA. 2003. Caracal depereti nov. sp. and Felis aff. silvestris (Felidae, Mammalia) of the lower Pliocene of Layna (Soria, Spain). Estudios Geologicos 59:229-247.
  • MORRIS, J. G., AND Q. R. ROGERS. 1982. Metabolic basis for form of nutritional peculiarities of the cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 23:599-611.
  • MOUSAVI, M. 2010. Survey of Caracal caracal in Kavir National Park in Iran. Journal of Environmental Research and Development 4:793-795.
  • MUKHERJEE, S., S. P. GOYAL, A. J. T. JOHNSINGH, AND M. R. P. LEITE PITMAN. 2004. The importance of rodents in the diet of jungle cat (Felis chaus), caracal (Caracal caracal), and golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Zoology 262:405-411.
  • MuLLER, P. L. S. 1776. Vollstandiges Natursystem. Supplement. Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe, Nurnberg, Germany.
  • NADER, I. A. 1984. A second record of the caracal lynx Caracal caracal schmitzi (Matschie, 1912) for Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Carnivora). Mammalia 48:148-150.
  • NEILS, A. M. 2018. Caracals in a heterogeneous landscape: resolutions for human-carnivore conflicts. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.
  • NORTON, P. M., AND A. B. LAWSON. 1985. Radio tracking of leopards and caracals in the Stellenbosch area, Cape Province. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 15:17-24.
  • NOWELL, K., AND P. JACKSON. 1996. Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
  • PALMER, R., AND N. FAIRALL. 1988. Caracal and African wild cat diet in the Karoo National Park and the implications thereof for hyrax. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 18:30-34.
  • PECON-SLATTERY, J., AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 1998. Patters of Y and X chromosome DNA sequence divergence during the Felidae radiation. Genetics 148:1245-1255.
  • PETTORELLI, N., A. L. LOBORA, M. J. MSUHA, C. FOLEY, AND S. M. DURANT. 2010. Carnivore biodiversity in Tanzania: revealing the distribution patterns of secretive mammals using camera traps. Animal Conservation 13:131-139.
  • POCOCK, R. I. 1939. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Primates and Carnivora. Vol. 1. Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
  • POHL, C. F. 2015. The diet of caracal (Caracal caracal) in the southern Free State. M.Sc. thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
  • POPE, C. E., M. C. GOMEZ, AND B. L. DRESSER. 2006. In vitro embryo production and embryo transfer in domestic and non-domestic cats. Theriogenology 66:1518-1524.
  • PRINGLE, J. A., AND V. L. PRINGLE. 1979. Observations on the lynx Felis caracal in the Bedford district. South African Journal of Zoology 14:1-4.
  • RAMESH, T., R. KALLE, AND C. T. DOWNS. 2017. Space use in a South African agriculture landscape by the caracal (Caracal caracal). European Journal of Wildlife Research 63:1-11.
  • RAND, J. S., L. M. FLEEMAN, H. A. FARROW, D. J. APPLETON, AND R. LEDERER. 2004. Canine and feline diabetes mellitus: nature or nurture? Journal of Nutrition 134:2072S-80S.
  • RAY, J. C., L. HUNTER, AND J. ZIGOURIS. 2005. Setting conservation and research priorities for larger African carnivores. Working Paper 24, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York.
  • ROBERTS, A. 1926. Some new S. African mammals and some changes in nomenclature. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 11:245-263.
  • ROBERTS,A. 1951. The mammals of South Africa.Trustees of the Mammals of South Africa Book Fund, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • ROBERTS, T. J. 1977. The mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn, London, United Kingdom.
  • ROCHEBRUNE DE,A.T. 1885.Vertebratorum novorum vel minus cognitorum orae Africae occidentalis incolarum. Diagnosis (1). Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, Seventh Series 9:86-99.
  • ROLLAND, J., F. L. CONDAMINE, C. R. BEERAVOLU, F. JIGUET, AND H. MORLON. 2015. Dispersal is a major driver of the latitudinal diversity gradient of Carnivora. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24:1059-1071.
  • ROSEVEAR, D. R. 1974. The Carnivores of West Africa. Trustees of the British Natural History Museum Natural History, London, United Kingdom.
  • SCHREBER, J. C. D. 1776. Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Wolfgang Walther, Erlangen, Germany.
  • SCHuTZE, H. 2002. Field guide to mammals of the Kruger National Park. Penguin Random House, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • SEREZ, M. 1992. Evolution of lynx population in Turkey. Pp. 26-29 in The situation, conservation needs and reintroduction of lynx in Europe. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habits. Environmental Encounters 11. Council of Europe Press, Strasbourg, France.
  • SERIEYS, L. E., ET AL. 2019. Widespread anticoagulant poison exposure in predators in a rapidly growing South African city. Science of the Total Environment 666:581-590.
  • SEVERTZOV, N. 1858. Notice sur la classification multiseriale des carnivores, specialement des Felides, et les etudes de zoologie generale qui s'y rattachent. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Pure et Appliquee 2:385-393.
  • SICURU, F. L. 2011. Evolutionary trends on extant cat skull morphology (Carnivora: Felidae): a three-dimensional geometrical approach. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 103:176-190.
  • SIDIYeNE, E. A., AND M. TRAINER. 1990. Donnees recentes sur les mammiferes de l'Adrar des Iforas (Mali). Mammalia 54:472-477.
  • SINGH, R., Q. QURESHI, K. SANKAR, P. R. KRAUSMAN, AND S. P. GOYAL. 2015. Estimating occupancy and abundance of caracal in a semiarid habitat, Western India. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61:915-918.
  • SKINNER, J. D. 1979. Feeding behaviour in caracal. Journal of Zoology 189:523-525.
  • SKINNER, J. D., AND C. T. CHIMIMBA. 2006. The mammals of the southern African sub-region. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • SMITHERS, R. H. N. 1971. The mammals of Botswana. Museum Memoir no. 4. The Trustees of the National Museums of Rhodesia, Salisbury, Zimbabwe.
  • SMITHERS, R. H. N. 1983. The mammals of the southern African subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • SMITHERS, R. H. N., AND V. J. WILSON. 1979. Checklist and atlas of the mammals of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Memoir No. 9. National Museums and Monuments, Salisbury, Zimbabwe.
  • STUART, C. T. 1981. Notes on the mammalian carnivores of the Cape Province, South Africa. Bontebok 1:1-58.
  • STUART, C. T. 1982. Aspects of the biology of the caracal (Felis caracal) in the Cape Province, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
  • STUART, C. T. 1984. The distribution and status of Felis caracal Schreber, 1776. Saugetierkundliche Mitteeilungen 31:197-203.
  • STUART, C. T., AND V. J. WILSON. 1988. The cats of southern Africa. The Chipangali Wildlife Trust, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
  • SUNQUIST, M. E., AND F. C. SUNQUIST. 2002. Wild cats of the world. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
  • SUNQUIST, M. E., AND F. C. SUNQUIST. 2009. Carnivores. Pp. 142-143 in Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 1 (D. E. Wilson and R. A. Mittermeier, eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
  • TENSEN, L., M. DROUILLY, AND B. J. VAN VUUREN. 2018. Genetic structure and diversity within lethally managed populations of two mesopredators in South Africa. Journal of Mammalogy 99:1411-1421.
  • THALWITZER, S., ET AL. 2010. Seroprevalences to viral pathogens in freeranging and captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian farmland. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17:232-238.
  • THOMAS, O. 1926. Some new African Mammalia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9th Series 17:180-184.
  • THOMAS, O., AND M. A. C. HINTON. 1921. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. II. On the mammals (other than ruminants) obtained during the expedition to Air (Asben). Novitates Zoologicae 28:1-213.
  • THORN, M., M. GREEN, F. DALERUM, P. W. BATEMAN, AND D. M. SCOTT. 2012. What drives human-carnivore conflict in South Africa? Biological Conservation 150:23-32.
  • TORDIFFE, A. S. W., G. F. VAN DER WATT, AND F. REYERS. 2012. Cystine urolithiasis in a caracal (Caracal caracal). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43:649-651.
  • TURK, I. 2011. Alimentary vitamin D deficiency in a caracal. Praktische Tierartz 92:960-967.
  • ULLREY, D. E., AND J. B. BERNARD. 1999. Vitamin D: metabolism, sources, unique problems in zoo animals, meeting needs. Pp. 63-78 in Zoo and wild animal medicine: current therapy 4 (M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, eds.). WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • VAN HEEZIK, Y. M., AND P. J. SEDDON. 1998. Range size and habitat use of an adult male caracal in northern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 40:109-112.
  • VAN NIEKERK, H. N. 2010. The cost of predation on small livestock in South Africa by medium-sized predators. M.Sc. thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
  • VILJOEN, S. 2017. Wildlife health in human-modified landscapes: epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens affecting black-backed jackals and caracals. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • VISSER, J. 1976. Status and conservation of the smaller cats of southern Africa. Pp. 70-78 in The world's cats. Volume 3 (R. L. Eaton, ed.). First Printing, Seattle, Washington.
  • WAGNER, J. A. 1841. Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838 3, 76, pl. 4. (M. Wagner, ed.). Leopold Voss, Leipzig, Germany.
  • WEISBEIN, Y., AND H. MENDELSSOHN. 1990. The biology and ecology of the caracal (Felis caracal) in the Aravah Valley of Israel. Cat News 12:20-22.
  • WERDELIN, L., N. YAMAGUCHI, W. E. JOHNSON, AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 2010. Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae). Pp. 59-82 in Biology and conservation of wild felids (D. W. Macdonald and A. J. Loveridge, eds.). Oxford University Press, New York.
  • WILSON, B., A. SLIWA, AND M. DROUILLY. 2016. A conservation assessment of Felis nigripes. Pp. 1-13 in The Red List of mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho (M. F. Child, L. Roxburgh, E. Do Linh San, D. Raimondo, and H. T. Davies Mostert, eds.). South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • WOZENCRAFT, W. C. 2005. Order Carnivora. Pp. 279-348 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Volume 1 (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
  • ZIAIE, H. 2008. A field guide to the mammals of Iran. 2nd ed. Iran Wildlife Center, Tehran, Iran.