Evidence of a signature of planet formation processes from solar neutrino fluxes

Supplemental materials of Kunitomo, Guillot, & Buldgen (2022, A&A). The stellar evolution code MESA version 12115 was used to simulate solar models. The "Kunitomo+2022.zip" file contains

1. Kunitomo+2022.csv: a csv file summarizing the optimized input parameters and results of all the simulation models
2. movies/*.mp4: animations of the evolution of the metallicity profile of the "K2-MZvar-A2-12" and "K2-A2-12" models (w/ and w/o planet formation processes, respectively)
3. data/*-HIST.data: data files showing the evolutions of the two models
4. data/*-PROF.data: data files showing the structures at the solar age of the two models
5. ReadMe.md: a ReadMe file

Abstract: Solar evolutionary models are thus far unable to reproduce spectroscopic, helioseismic, and neutrino constraints consistently, resulting in the so-called solar modeling problem. In parallel, planet formation models predict that the evolving composition of the protosolar disk and, thus, of the gas accreted by the proto-Sun must have been variable. We show that solar evolutionary models that include a realistic planet formation scenario lead to an increased core metallicity of up to 5%, implying that accurate neutrino flux measurements are sensitive to the initial stages of the formation of the Solar System. Models with homogeneous accretion match neutrino constraints to no better than 2.7σ. In contrast, accretion with a variable composition due to planet formation processes, leading to metal-poor accretion of the last ∼4% of the young Sun's total mass, yields solar models within 1.3σ of all neutrino constraints. We thus demonstrate that in addition to increased opacities at the base of the convective envelope, the formation history of the Solar System constitutes a key element in resolving the current crisis of solar models.