GNSS and Digisonde sporadic-E maps produced by Air Force Institute of Technology

Spatial maps of sporadic-E are produced by combining COSMIC-2 RO data with Digisonde measurements, using the S₄-based approach described by Carmona et al. (2022). Images from the TEC-based approach used in other studies are also included for reference. 

Carmona, R. A., Nava, O. A., Dao, E. V., & Emmons, D. J. (2022). A Comparison of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates Using GPS Radio Occultation and Ionosonde Measurements. Remote Sensing, 14(3), 581.