Valve in valve and valve in ring transcatheter aortic valve implantation

In recent years the trend towards surgical bioprosthetic valve implantation, especially among young patients, has increased in order to avoid anticoagulant therapy. The patient’s age remains one of the leading risk factors for valve dysfunction. Gold standard for treating such diseases was surgical reintervention until the development of transcatheter heart valves. By 2050 the annual number of patients undergoing surgical bioprosthetic valve implantation is expected to triple from an average of 290,000 in 2003 to over 850,000. This study presents the literature review of Valve in Valve and Valve in Ring procedures, as well as our experience in ViV and ViR transcatheter valve implantation.