Gonatopus flavifemur
Authors/Creators
Description
1. Gonatopus flavifemur (Esaki & Hashimoto, 1932)
(Plates 121A–C, 122A, B)
Pseudogonatopus flavifemur Esaki & Hashimoto 1932: 28; Esaki & Hashimoto 1933: 20; Esaki & Hashimoto 1936: 20; Esaki & Mochizuki 1941: 26; Chiu 1979: 339; Chandra 1980a: 128; Chandra 1980b: 167; Olmi 1984: 1202; Chen 1988: 44; Barrion 2002: 71.
Pseudogonatopus flavifemus (sic) Esaki & Hashimoto: Chandra 1978a: 21.
Pseudogonatopus near hospes Perkins: Chandra 1978b: 5.
Dicondylus indianus Olmi 1984: 1384 (synonymized by He & Xu 2002); type locality: Holalu (Karnataka, India); Olmi 1991: 331.
Gonatopus flavifemur (Esaki & Hashimoto): Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 180–251; Olmi 1999b: 28; Olmi 2000a: 109; He & Xu 2002: 360; Guglielmino & Olmi 2006: 49, 50; Xu et al. 2011 g (Suppl.): 19.
Description of female (Plate 121A). apterous; length 3.0– 3.7 mm. Head brown or black, except mandible, clypeus and anterior region of face yellow; occasionally also occiput yellow; antenna brown or black, except segment 1 and occasionally also 10 totally or partly yellow; mesosoma and metasoma black; legs yellow, except club of profemur brown. Antenna clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 20:14:32:20:16:15:15:13:15:32. Head excavated, shiny, granulated, with longitudinal keels on anterior region of face; frontal line incomplete, absent in anterior half of face; occipital carina absent; POL = 1; OL = 1; OOL = 7; occasionally OL longer than POL. Palpal formula 4/2. Pronotum shiny or dull, granulated, crossed by strong transverse impression, or not crossed, or very weakly impressed. Scutum shiny or dull, granulated, occasionally with some longitudinal keels. Scutellum shiny. Metanotum transversely striate, not hollow behind scutellum, about as long as scutellum, with sides rounded. Metathorax + propodeum dull, granulated, completely or almost completely transversely striate; occasionally anterior surface not transversely striate. Mesopleuron and metapleuron transversely striate. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete or very hardly distinct. Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 17:2.5:5:14:21, or 21:3.5:6:17:25. Enlarged claw (Plate 121B) with one large subdistal tooth and one row of five–six lamellae. Segment 5 of protarsus (Plate 121B) with two rows of 13–23 lamellae; distal apex with 7–10 lamellae. Tibial spurs 1/0/1.
Description of male (Plates 121C, 122A). Fully winged; length 2.5–3.2 mm. Head black or brown, except mandible yellow; antenna brown; mesosoma black or brown; metasoma brown; legs yellow, occasionally with metacoxa brown. Antenna filiform; antennal segments in following proportions: 15:14:26:26:26:26:22:22:23:31; antennal segment 3 four or more than four times as long as broad. Head dull or shiny, hairy, granulated, without smooth oval areas on sides of posterior ocelli; frontal line absent; occipital carina absent; temple distinct; ocelli very large; POL = 10; OL = 3.5; OOL = 2; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli much longer than OL (5.5:2). Palpal formula 4/2. Scutum dull, hairy, granulated. Notauli complete, posteriorly joint or very close; occasionally slightly separated. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, weakly punctate, unsculptured among punctures. Propodeum reticulate rugose, without keels on posterior surface; occasionally median surface bordered by strong keels. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Dorsal process of paramere (Plate 122B) reduced to an inner expansion of paramere. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.
Material examined. Types: ♀ holotype of P. flavifemur from Japan probably lost; ♀ holotype of D. indianus: INDIA: Karnataka, Mandya District, Holalu Village, Regional Research Station Mandya, VI.1976, ex Nilaparvata lugens nymph (BMNH). Paratypes of D. indianus: CHINA: Taiwan, Gakko, 1♀ and 1♂ (AMNH, ELKU); Taiwan, Shishi, 1♀ (ELKU); INDIA: same locality label as holotype, 3♀♀ and 3♂ (BMNH, AMNH); INDIA: Orissa, Cuttack, 30.I.1975, on rice, C.R.R.I., 1♀ (BMNH); PHILIPPINES: Luzon Island, Laguna Prov., 4 Km E Los Baños, 14°10'N 121°15'E, 25.IX.1977, ex Nilaparvata lugens, G. Chandra leg., 1♀ (BMNH). Other material. CHINA: Fujian, Shaxian, reared from rice planthoppers, Changming Liu leg., 3♀♀ and 3♂ (ZJUC); Fujian, Yuncheng, 27.VIII.1988, Jian Huang leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Fujian, Shaowu, 1980, Jianhong Qiu leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Fujian, Mt. Wuyishan, 1983, Kechi Zhang leg., 2♂ (ZJUC); Hubei, Wuchang, IX.1975, Shaonan Wang leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Hubei, Fangxian, 21.VIII.1982, Junhua He leg., 3♂ (ZJUC); Hubei, Zhushan, 28.VIII.1982, Junhua He leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Guangdong, Zhaoqing, 1974, Ciwei Huang leg., 2♀♀ (ZJUC); Guangdong, Zhaoqing, VII–VIII.1998, Yufang Liu leg., 2♀♀ (ZJUC); Guangxi, Yongxian, 20.IX.1980, Tiansheng Pu leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Guangxi, Guixian, 1980, Tiansheng Pu leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Guangxi, Baise, XI.1980, 2♂ (ZJUC); Guizhou, Sinan, XI.1986, Yuxiang Chen leg., 4♀♀ (ZJUC); Guizhou, Sandu, VII.1981, Dongxiang Xie leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Guizhou, Dushan, 6.V.1980, Shengzhen Zhou leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Yunnan, Simao, 1982, Shiqing Yi leg., 3♂ (ZJUC); Hainan, 1966, Junhua He leg., 3♂ (ZJUC); Jiangsu, Liyang, 12.VII.1978, 1♂ (ZJUC); Taiwan, Chiayi (TARI); Taiwan, Taichung (TARI); Taiwan, Taipei (TARI); Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 1957, 1976, 1979, Junhua He et al. Leg., 1♀ and 12♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Lin'an, 1974, Junhua He leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Yuhang, 1966, Cui He leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Ningbo, 1975, 1♀ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Fenghua, 1980, 7♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang Shangyu, 1984, Haifu Wei leg., 3♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Jinhua, 1976, 1979, Yousen Yu leg., 1♀ and 1♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Dongyang, 1980, Hongxing Zhou leg., 3♂; Zhejiang, Tiantai, 1957, Junhua He leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Huangyan, 1965, Junhua He leg., 5♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Lishui, 1975, 1981, 1982, Zhenfang Gu leg., 1♀ and 7♂; Zhejiang, Longquan, 20.VII.1975, Junhua He leg., 1♀ and 33♂ (ZJUC); Zhejiang, Suichang, 1973, 1974, Junhua He leg., 1♀ and 18♂; Zhejiang, Yuyao, 1972, Junhua He leg., 9♂ (ZJUC); Anhui, Yuexi, 1980, Fuan Yang leg., 1♂ (ZJUC). INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, AICRIP, 20.X.1977, ex Nilaparvata lugens nymph, 8♀♀ and 4♂ (BMNH); Orissa, Cuttack, 1981, on BPH (Nilaparvata lugens), 6♀♀ (BMNH); Tamil Nadu, Tanjore (GCC). MALAYSIA: Malaya, Seberang Perai (MARDI); Malaya, Serdang (DBUS). PHILIPPINES: Luzon Island, Laguna Prov., 4 Km E Los Baños, 14°10'N 121°15'E, 25.IX.1977, ex Nilaparvata lugens, G. Chandra leg., many ♀♀ (AMNH, GCC, IRRI). VIET NAM: Tieng Giang Prov., Chau Thanh District, Long Dinh Village, Southern Regional Plant Protection Center, ex cocoon on rice collected on 20.I.2009, M. Olmi leg., 1♀ (MOLC). Australian region: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Ayr (AMNH, UCCW). Palaearctic: JAPAN: Kyushu, Fukuoka Pref., Fukuoka (ELKU); Kyushu, Shikoku, Kochi Pref., Kami-gun (AMNH, ELKN); Kyushu, Kochi Pref., Nangoku (ELKN, MMC).
Hosts. Delphacidae (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006): in Australia: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997); in China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang): Nilaparvata bakeri (Muir) (He & Xu, 2002); Saccharosydne procerus (Matsumura) (He & Xu, 2002); Sogatella longifuricifera (Esaki & Ishihara) (He & Xu, 2002); Toya propinqua (Fieber) (He & Xu, 2002); in China (Taiwan): Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Chu & Hirashima, 1981); in India: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997); in Japan: Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Kitamura, 1989c); Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Esaki & Hashimoto, 1933; Grist & Lever, 1969; Manjunath et al., 1978; Chiu, 1979; Olmi, 1984; Kitamura, 1987a, 1987b, 1989c); Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Kitamura, 1989c); in Malaysia: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997); Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997); in the Philippines: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Chandra, 1978a, 1978b, 1980a, 1980b; Barrion et al., 1981; Chua & Dyck, 1982; Olmi, 1984; Barrion, 2002); Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Chandra, 1978a, 1978b, 1980a, 1980b; IRRI Entomology Department, 1980; Chua & Dyck, 1982; Barrion, 2002).
Biology. Information in Jervis et al. (1988), Kitamura (1989c) and Sahragard et al. (1991) (as Dicondylus indianus Olmi).
Natural enemies. Encyrtidae (Guerrieri & Viggiani, 2005): Cheiloneurus exitiosus (R. Perkins). In Viet Nam this species can be parasitized by Encyrtidae. M. Olmi reared seven male specimens of an unidentified Encyrtid from a cocoon on rice collected in the Southern Regional Plant Protection Center. In Thailand G. flavifemur can be parasitized by Trichomalus apanteloctena (Crawford) (Pteromalidae) (Olmi, 2000a).
Distribution. China (Taiwan, Fujian, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang), India (Karnataka, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu), Philippines (Luzon), Malaysia (Malaya), Viet Nam (Tieng Giang), Australia (Queensland), Japan (Kyushu).
Group 6
Two species are known.
Notes
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Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
Biodiversity
- Collection code
- AMNH, ELKN , AMNH, ELKU , AMNH, GCC, IRRI , AMNH, UCCW , BMNH , BMNH, AMNH , DBUS , ELKN, MMC , ELKU , GCC , MARDI , MOLC , TARI , ZJUC
- Event date
- 1975-01-30 , 1975-07-20 , 1977-09-25 , 1977-10-20 , 1978-07-12 , 1980-05-06 , 1980-09-20 , 1982-08-21 , 1982-08-28 , 1988-08-27 , 2009-01-20
- Verbatim event date
- 1975-01-30 , 1975-07-20 , 1977-09-25 , 1977-10-20 , 1978-07-12 , 1980-05-06 , 1980-09-20 , 1982-08-21 , 1982-08-28 , 1988-08-27 , 2009-01-20
- Scientific name authorship
- Esaki & Hashimoto
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Arthropoda
- Order
- Hymenoptera
- Family
- Dryinidae
- Genus
- Gonatopus
- Species
- flavifemur
- Taxon rank
- species
- Type status
- holotype , paratype
- Taxonomic concept label
- Gonatopus flavifemur (Esaki, 1932) sec. Xu, Olmi & He, 2013
References
- Esaki, T. & Hashimoto, S. (1932) Report on the leaf-hoppers injurious to the rice plant and their natural enemies. No 3. Publication No. 3, Entomological Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University, 1 - 42.
- Esaki, T. & Hashimoto, S. (1933) Report on the leaf-hoppers injurious to the rice plant and their natural enemies. No 4. Publication No. 4, Entomological Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University, 1 - 32.
- Esaki, T. & Hashimoto, S. (1936) Report on the leaf-hoppers injurious to the rice plant and their natural enemies. No 7. Publication No. 7, Entomological Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University, 1 - 31.
- Chiu, S. (1979) Biological control of the brown planthopper. Proceedings of Symposium on Brown Planthopper: threat to rice production in Asia, IRRI International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, 335 - 355.
- Chandra, G. (1980 a) Taxonomy and bionomics of the insect parasites of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Philippines and their importance in natural biological control. The Philippine Entomologist, 4, 119 - 139.
- Chandra, G. (1980 b) Dryinid parasitoids of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Philippines. I. Taxonomy and bionomics. Acta Oecologica / Oecologia Applicata, 1, 161 - 172.
- Olmi, M. (1984) A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 37, I - XII + 1 - 1913.
- Chen, Y. (1988) Identification of the larval sacs of the six dryinid species on rice planthoppers. Kunchong Zhishi (= Insect Knowledge), 25 (1), 44 - 46.
- Barrion, A. T. (2002) Four new records of Dryinids (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) from rice leaf- and planthoppers in Kanlaon, Negros Oriental, Philippines. The Philippine Entomologist, 16 (1), 71 - 73.
- Chandra, G. (1978 a) Natural enemies of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Philippines. International Rice Research Newsletter, 3 (5), 20 - 21.
- Chandra, G. (1978 b) The dryinid parasitoids of the rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in Philippines and techniques of their rearing and mass-rearing. Mimeographed, 9 th Annual Conference of the Pest Control Council of the Philippines, May 3 - 6, 1978, Manila, 1 - 18.
- He, J. & Xu, Z. (2002) Hymenoptera Dryinidae. Fauna Sinica, 29. Science Press, Beijing, China, 464 pp.
- Olmi, M. (1991 [" 1989 "]) Supplement to the revision of the world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frustula entomologica, N. S., 12 (25), 109 - 395.
- Guglielmino, A. & Olmi, M. (1997) A host-parasite catalog of world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Contributions on Entomology, International, 2 (2), 165 - 298.
- Olmi, M. (1999 b) I Driinidi e la loro utilizzazione in lotta biologica: problemi e prospettive. In: Gervasini, E. & Sala, A. (Ed.), Atti Convegno su " Metcalfa pruinosa: diffusione nel continente europeo e prospettive di controllo biologico ", S. Donato Milanese, 21 ottobre 1999, Sherwood-Foreste ed Alberi Oggi, 55 (Supplemento), 27 - 34.
- Olmi, M. (2000 a) Bio-ecologia degli Imenotteri Driinidi e loro impiego in programmi di lotta biologica. In: Lucchi, A. (Ed.), La Metcalfa negli ecosistemi italiani. ARSIA, Firenze, pp. 93 - 117.
- Guglielmino, A. & Olmi, M. (2006) A host-parasite catalog of world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea): first supplement. Zootaxa, 1139, 35 - 62.
- Xu, Z., Olmi, M., Guglielmino, A. & Chen, H. (2011 d) Description of Aphelopus mangshanensis, a new species of Dryinidae from China. Bulletin of Insectology, 64 (2), 243 - 246.
- Chu, Y. & Hirashima, Y. (1981) Survey of Taiwanese literature on the natural enemies of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers. Esakia, 16, 33 - 37.
- Kitamura, K. (1989 c) Comparative studies on the biology of dryinid wasps in Japan (11). Development of Pseudogonatopus flavifemur (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). Chugoku Kontyu, 3, 17 - 20.
- Grist, D. H. & Lever, R. J. A. W. (1969) Pests of Rice. Longmans, Green and Co., London and Harlow, 520 pp.
- Manjunath, T. M., Rai, P. S. & Gavi, G. (1978) Parasites and predators of Nilaparvata lugens in India. PANS, 24, 265 - 269. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670877809411625
- Kitamura, K. (1987 a) Seasonal changes in percentage parasitism of the parasitoids of leaf- and planthoppers in Shimane Pref. (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shimane University, 21, 155 - 170.
- Kitamura, K. (1987 b) Field studies on the parasites of leaf- and planthoppers (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera) of paddy fields in Southwest Japan. Japan Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology Chugoku Branch, 29, 17 - 29.
- Barrion, A. T., Pantua, P. C., Bandong, J. P., Cruz, C. G. de la, Raymundo, F. A., Lumaban, M. D., Apostol, R. F. & Litsinger, J. (1981) Food web of the rice brown planthopper in the Philippines. IRRI, International Rice Research Institute Newsletter, Los Banos, 6 (1), 13 - 15.
- Chua, T. H. & Dyck, V. A. (1982) Assessment of Pseudogonatopus flavifemur E. and H. (Dryinidae: Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, 1 - 4 March 1982. Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 253 - 265.
- IRRI Entomology Department (1980) Control and management od rice pests. IRRI Annual Report for 1980, 173 - 219.
- Jervis, M. A., Kidd, N. A. C. & Sahragard, A. (1988) Host-feeding in Dryinidae: its adaptative significance and its consequences for parasitoid-host population dynamics. Proceedings of 6 th Auchenorrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, 7 - 11 Sept. 1987, 591 - 596.
- Sahragard, A., Jervis, M. A. & Kidd, N. A. C. (1991) Influence of host availability on rates of oviposition and host-feeding, and on longevity in Dicondylus indianus Olmi (Hym., Dryinidae), a parasitoid of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hem., Delphacidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 112, 153 - 162. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1991. tb 01041. x
- Guerrieri, E. & Viggiani, G. (2005) A review of the encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitoids of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) with description of a new species of Cheiloneurus. Systematics and Biodiversity, 2 (3), 305 - 317. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477200004001537