1. Gonatopus nearcticus (Fenton, 1905)

(Plates 109A, B, 110A, B, 111A)

nec Pseudogonatopus americanus R. Perkins 1905: 37.

Epigonatopus americanus Fenton 1921: 70 (preoccupied by Pseudogonatopus americanus R. Perkins 1905) (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type locality: Ames (Iowa, USA).

Pachygonatopus nearcticus Fenton 1927: 6.

Platygonatopus ugandanus Benoit 1951a: 300 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type locality: Bululo (Uganda); Benoit 1951d: 19.

Rhynchogonatopus ugandanus (Benoit): Olmi & Currado 1976: 173.

Acrodontochelys bouceki Currado 1976: 14 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type locality: Nerja (Spain); Graham 1983: 1; Olmi 1984: 1174; Graham 1988: 79.

Acrodontochelys ugandanus (Benoit): Olmi 1984: 1174.

Acrodontochelys sinensis Olmi 1984: 1180 (synonymized by Xu et al. 2012b); type locality: Macau (China).

Acrodontochelys americanus (Fenton): Olmi 1984: 1182.

Gonatopus nearcticus (Fenton): Olmi 1993b: 80, 83; Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 194, 237; Tussac & Olmi 1998: 490; Olmi 1999a: 246; Olmi 2004a: 368; Olmi 2005b: 126; Olmi 2006: 44; Guglielmino & Olmi 2007: 126; Olmi 2009b: 459; Burn 2011: 88; Penati & Olmi 2012: 79; Xu et al. 2012b: 21.

Gonatopus sinensis (Olmi): He & Xu 2002: 349.

Description of female (Plate 109A). Apterous; length 2.0–4.0 mm. Head black or brown, with mandible, clypeus and anterior region of face yellow or testaceous; antenna black or brown, with segments 1–3 yellow or testaceous; occasionally antenna testaceous-brown; mesosoma, petiole and metasoma usually black, except posterior apex of propodeum testaceous; occasionally mesosoma and metasoma brown-testaceous or testaceous-reddish, with petiole black; occasionally mesosoma brown, with scutum yellow; legs yellow or testaceous, with coxae and clubs of femora almost completely black, or darkened, or brown-reddish. Antenna clavate; antennal segments of holotype of P. nearcticus in following proportions: 4:4:9:5.5:5:5:4:4:4:7; antennal segments of holotype of A. sinensis in following proportions: 5:3:7:4:4:4:4:4:3.5:5. Head flat or slightly convex, dull, weakly or strongly granulated; frontal line complete; occipital carina absent; temple distinct; POL = 3; OL = 2; OOL = 5. Palpal formula 5/2, 4/2, 3/2, or 2/2. Pronotum crossed by strong transverse impression, shiny, weakly or strongly granulated. Scutum dull, granulated. Metanotum granulated and transversely striate, not hollow behind scutellum. Metathorax + propodeum dull, granulated, with posterior surface of propodeum transversely striate; occasionally posterior surface almost completely granulated and not transversely striate. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete. Mesopleuron and metapleuron granulated, with or without transverse striae. Protarsus with first segment about twice as long as segment 4 (14:7; or 15:7; or 12:7). Protarsal segments of A. sinensis holotype in following proportions: 15:2:3:7:13. Enlarged claw (Plate 109B) with one large subapical tooth and one row of three–six peg-like bristles. Segment 5 of protarsus (Plate 109B) with two rows of 6–22 lamellae; distal apex with about six–nine lamellae. Tibial spurs 1/0/1.

Description of male (Plate 110A, B): fully winged; length 1.6–2.8 mm. Head black or brown, except mandible testaceous or yellow; antenna brown or black; mesosoma and metasoma black or brown; legs banded, brown or black, with trochanters, stalks of femora, extremities of tibiae and tarsi yellow. Antenna hairy, filiform; antennal segments of male paratype of A. bouceki in following proportions: 5:4:8:7:7:7:6:6:6:8; antennal segment 3 four or more than four times as long as broad. Antennal segments of specimen from China, Ruyang, in following proportions: 4:4:7:7:6.5:6.5:5.5:5:5:7. Head shiny, alutaceous, slightly punctate; vertex laterally without two shiny and smooth areas situated between posterior ocelli and eyes; frontal line incomplete, only present between antennal toruli; occipital carina absent; occiput concave; temple distinct; POL = 6; OL = 4; OOL = 2 (or POL = 6; OL = 2; OOL = 2; or POL = 7; OL = 3; OOL = 1.5); greatest breadth of posterior ocelli about twice as long as OOL. Palpal formula 3/2, 4/2. Scutum dull, hairy, slightly granulated. Notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.4–0.7 length of scutum. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, finely punctate, unsculptured among punctures. Propodeum completely shiny, smooth, unsculptured; dorsal surface of propodeum with or without median longitudinal furrow. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands; stigmal vein regularly curved, with distal part much longer than proximal part. Dorsal process of paramere (Plate 111A) more or less long and slender, with distal third parallel to penis. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Material examined. Types: ♀ holotype of E. americanus: USA: Iowa, Story County, Ames, 25.VII.1919, E.D. Ball leg. (USNM); ♀ holotype of P. nearcticus: USA: Woodbury County, Sioux City, IX.1919, reared from a jassid, C.N. Ainslie leg. (USNM); ♀ holotype of P. ugandanus: UGANDA: Bululo (=present Bulule?), 1909, E. Bayon leg. (MCSNG); ♀ holotype of A. bouceki: SPAIN: Malaga, Nerja, 3.VII.1974, Z. Bouček leg. (BMNH); ♀ holotype of A. sinensis: CHINA: Macau (BPBM). Paratypes of E. americanus: same locality label as holotype, 4♀♀ (USNM). Paratypes of A. bouceki: same locality label as holoype, 23.VI.1973, Z. Bouček leg., 14♀♀ (BMNH, DIVAPRA, MRSNT, USNM); SPAIN: Granada, La Herradura, 24.VI.1973, Z. Bouček leg., 1♀ and 1♂ (BMNH); SPAIN: Granada, Calahonda, 22.VI.1973, Z. Bouček leg., 2♀♀ (BMNH); SPAIN: Barcelona, Calella de la Costa, VI.1974, 1♀ (BMNH); SPAIN: Castellón, Benicasim, 13–15.VI.1973, 22–24.VI.1974, Z. Bouček leg., 1♀ and 1♂ (BMNH). Paratypes of A. sinensis: same locality label as holotype, 3♀♀ (AMNH, BPBM); CHINA: Chin San, 1♀ (BPBM); VIET NAM: Lam Dong Prov., Di Linh, Plateau of Djiring, 1♀ (AMNH). Other material. CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan, 8.VI.2002, M. Olmi leg., 1♀ (MOLC); Foot of Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyang, reared from adult of unidentified Cicadellid, M. Olmi reared, parasitized host collect 12.IX.2004, dryinid cocooning 13.IX.2004, dryinid adult emerged X.2004, 1♀ and 3♂ (MOLC); same locality label, parasitized host collect 12.IX.2004, dryinid cocooning 15.IX.2004, dryinid adult emerged X.2004, 2♂ (MOLC); Macau, X.1906, R. Perkins collection, 1♀ and 1♂ (USNM). INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, 3.XI.1979, Z. Bouček leg., 1♀ (BMNH); SINGAPORE (NMNH). THAILAND: Chumphon Prov., Chumplion, 9.II.2000, Ralf Jochmann leg., 1♀ (MTC); Mae Hong Son Prov., Soppong, 19°27'N 98°20'E, 1500 m, 7–12.V.1996, S. Becvar leg., 1♀ (OLL). Palaearctic: G. nearcticus is known from the following countries: Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Portugal, Spain (including Canary Islands) and Turkey (Olmi, 1999a). Afrotropical region: G. nearcticus is known from the following countries: Benin, Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zimbabwe (Olmi, 1984, 1999a). Nearctic region: G. nearcticus is known from the USA (Olmi, 1984, 1999a).

Hosts. Cicadellidae (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2007): in France: Balclutha frontalis (Ferrari); in Italy: Balclutha rosea (Scott); in Namibia: Paradorydium spatulatum (Naudé); in South Africa: Balclutha rosea (Scott); in the USA: Balclutha neglecta (DeLong & Davidson), Balclutha impicta (Van Duzee).

Distribution. China (Macau, Guangdong), India (Karnataka), Thailand (Chumphon, Mae Hong Son), Viet Nam (Lam Dong), in addition to many countries of the Afrotropical, Nearctic and Western Palaearctic regions.

Group 2

Ten species are known in the Oriental region.

Key to the females

1. Mesosoma totally black or black-brown (at most distal apex of propodeum and posterior margin of pronotum testaceous or reddish)............................................................................................... 2

- Mesosoma at least partly testaceous-reddish, or testaceous-ferruginous, or brown-reddish, or yellow................... 4

2. Metanotum with sides protruding; protrusions rounded (Plate 113G)............................. G. nepalensis (Olmi)

- Metanotum with sides rounded (Plates 112A, 114A).......................................................... 3

3. Species large (body length about 5.0 mm); body covered with long sparse hairs (Plate 112A); temple absent (Plate 112A); head more excavated....................................................................... G. capillus Xu & He

- Species small (body length less than 4.5 mm); body hairless or covered with very short hairs; temple distinct (Plate 114A); head less excavated (Plate 114B)...................................................... G. nigricans (R. Perkins)

4. Metanotum with sides rounded (Plates 114A, 115A); meso-metapleural suture obsolete.............................. 5

- Metanotum with sides protruding (Plate 117G); protrusions rounded (Plates 111C, 117G) or pointed (Plate 113C); meso-metapleural suture at least partly distinct....................................................................... 6

5. Metanotum short, about as long as scutellum............................................... G. nudus (R. Perkins)

- Metanotum long, about twice as long as scutellum........................................ G. nigricans (R. Perkins)

6. Anterior surface of metathorax + propodeum with numerous longitudinal keels.................. G. sarawakensis (Olmi)

- Anterior surface of metathorax + propodeum smooth, with no keels............................................. 7

7. Metathorax + propodeum with slight or strong median furrow.................................................. 8

- Metathorax + propodeum without median furrow............................................................ 9

8. Metanotum with lateral protrusions more prominent (Plate 113A); metathorax + propodeum with deep median furrow; mesometapleural suture very strong and distinct............................................. G.lankae (Ponomarenko)

- Metanotum with lateral protrusions less prominent (Plate 113E); metathorax + propodeum with shallow median furrow; mesometapleural suture slightly distinct, only visible near lateral protrusions of metanotum.................. G. muiri (Olmi)

9. Metanotum with lateral protrusions less prominent (Plate 117G)................................... G. validus (Olmi)

- Metanotum with lateral protrusions more prominent (Plates 111C, 113C)....................................... 10

10. Lateral protrusions of metanotum at right angle (Plate 111C); mesopleuron and metapleuron transversely striate................................................................................................. G.bicuspis (Olmi)

- Lateral protrusions of metanotum not at right angle (Plate 113C); mesopleuron and metapleuron smooth, not transversely striate................................................................................ G. malesiae (Olmi)