Aulacophora bicolor (Weber, 1801)

(Figs 18–34)

Galleruca bicolor Weber, 1801: 56 (Indonesia: Sumatra); Fabricius, 1801: 482 (redescription).

Aulacophora bicolor: Baly, 1886: 19 (Indonesia: Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Gilolo, Flores, Lombok; Philippines; Sri Lanka); Allard, 1888: 320 (Borneo); Allard, 1889: 308 (Cambodia: Pnomh Penh); Allard, 1891: 230 (Laos: Luang Prabang); Chûjô, 1935b: 205 (Japan: Ryukyus); Maulik, 1936: 187 (India, including Andaman and Nicobar; Taiwan); Chen & Kung, 1959: 374 (China: Yunnan); Chûjô, 1962: 86 (Taiwan); Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: 484 (China: Hainan, Vietnam); Kimoto, 1964: 305 (Japan: Ryukyu islands); Kimoto, 1989: 51 (Thailand, Laos); Mohamedsaid, 1994: 378 (Malaysia); Mohamedsaid, 2000: 348 (Malaysia); Barroga, 2001: 40 (Indonesia: Bali).

Ceratia bicolor: Miwa, 1931: 189 (Taiwan).

Galleruca haemorrhoae Fabricius, 1803: 293 (new name for bicolor Fabricius, 1801).

Galeruca sexpunctata Olivier, 1808: 627 (Timor)

Aulacophora sexpunctata: Jacoby, 1884b: 213 (Sumatra); Allard, 1888: 322 (India); Schönfeldt, 1890: 174 (Japan: Ryukyus); Duvivier, 1891: 146 (Java).

Ceratia (Orthaulaca) sexpunctata: Weise, 1922: 62.

Aulacophora bicolor ab. sexpunctata: Chûjô, 1935a: 83.

Aulacophora hemichroa Gistel, 1857 (Java): 540; Monrós & Bechyně, 1956: 1132 (as synonym of bicolor).

Aulacophora sexnotata Chapuis, 1876: 100 (Philippines); Weise, 1922: 62 (as synonym of sexpunctata).

Aulacophora bicolor var. sexnotata: Baly, 1886: 19; Allard, 1888: 320 (Philippines); Aulacophora semiopaca Jacoby, 1886: 51; Baly, 1887: 268 (as synonym of bicolor).

Type material. Galleruca bicolor: lectotype ♂ (KIEL), here designated, labeled: “Weber / bicolor. / 1723 [w, h] // bico / lor [w, h] // Aulacophora bicolor (Weber) / det. by G.F. Barroga, 1999 [w, p]. There are two types of G. bicolor in the KIEL collection. The other is attributed to A. ritsemae.

Galeruca sexpunctata: most of Olivier’s specimens were in very bad condition when given to MNHN in 1995. The types should be destroyed by pests. (Mantilleri personal communication).

Aulacophora hemichora: Gistel’s specimens are in very bad condition and most of them didn’t bear any label. Thus the types are either lost or not detectable anymore.

Aulacophora sexnotata: Chapuis’s types were originally deposited at the IRSB. They was studied and borrowed by Barroga and Mohamedsaid (2002), and lost during return of the specimens (Limbourg personal communication).

Aulacophora semiopaca: lecotype ♂ (MCSN), here designated, labeled: “Sumatra / Mto. Singalang / Luglio 1878 O. Beccari [w, p] // Typus [w, p, red letters and borders] // semiopaca / Jac. [w, h] // Aulacophora / semiopaca Jac [b, h] // SYNTYPUS [p] / Aulacophora / semiopaca / Jacoby, 1886 [r, h] // Museo Civico / di Genova [w, p]”. Paralectotypes: 4♂, 3♀ (MCSN), labeled: “Sumatra / Mto. Singalang / Luglio 1878 O. Beccari [w, p] // SYNTYPUS [p] / Aulacophora / semiopaca / Jacoby, 1886 [r, h] // Museo Civico / di Genova [w, p]”; 2♀ (MCZC), labeled: “Sumatra / Mto. Singalang / Luglio 1878 O. Beccari [w, p] // 1st Jacoby / Coll. [w, p] // ♀ [w, h] // Type [p] / 17568 [r, h] // semiopaca Jac. [b, h]”; 1♀ (BMNH), labeled: “ Type / H. T. [w, p, round label with red border] // Sumatra / Mto. Singalang / Luglio 1878 O. Beccari [w, p] // Jacoby Coll. / 1909-28 a. [w, p] // semiopaca Jac [b, h] // SYN- / TYPE [w, p, round label with blue border]”.

Other specimens examined. CHINA. Hainan: 1♂, Dwa Bi, 25.VII.1935, leg. L. Gressitt (BPBM); INDONESIA. 1♂, Gilolo island, leg. Baly (BMNH); Java: 5♂, 2♀, Noesa Kembangan, leg. Drescher (MNHUB); 9♂, 17♀, Sukabumi, 1893, leg. H. Fruhstorfer (MNHUB); Sumatra: 1♂, Ajer Mantoior, Agosio, 1878, leg. O. Beccari (BMNH); 2♀, Brastagi, 17.VII.1972, leg. Erber (MNHUB); 1♀, Bukkitinggi, Canyon, 7.IX.1979, leg. Erber (MNHUB); 1♀, Dolok Meraugir, 5.VII.1974, leg. Diehl (MNHUB); 1♂, same locality, 5.X.1974, leg, Diehl (MNHUB); 2♀, same locality, 15.XII.1974, leg. Diehl (MNHUB); 1♂, 1♀, Mt. Singalang, Luglio, 1878, leg. Obeccari (BMNH); JAPAN. Okinawa: 4♂, 2♀, Yonaguni Island, 28.III.2014, leg. Y.-T. Wang (TARI); Nansei Shotō: 1♂, 2♀, Iriomote, Funaura, 30 IV 1996, F.J. de Vries (RBCN); LAOS. 1♀, Luang Namtha env., 800–1200 m, V.1997, leg. native collector (JBCB); Vientiane: 1♂, Ban Van Eue, 15–31.V.1965, leg. native collector (BPBM); 1♂, same locality, 31.VII.1965, leg. native collector (BPBM); 1♀, same locality, 31.V.1966, leg. native collector (BPBM); 1♂, same locality, 1–15.IX.1967, leg. native collector (BPBM); 1♀, Phou Kou Khouei, 31.V.1966, leg. native collector (BPBM); PHILIPPINES. 2♀ (BMNH); TAIWAN. Chiayi: 2♂, Chungpu, 3.III.2010, leg. H.-T. Shih (TARI); Ilan: 1♂, Chinyang, 23.X.2011, leg. C.-H. Hsieh (TARI); Kaoshiung: 3♂, Kosempo (= Chiasien), 1– 20.III.1908, leg. H. Sauter (BMNH); 1♂, Namahsia, 11.I.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo (TARI); 1♀, Tengchih, 2– 5.VI.2008, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); 1♂, same locality, 19.III.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung (TARI); 1♀, same locality, 8.VI.2013, leg. W.-C. Liao (TARI); Nantou: 1♀, Hsitou, 15.VI.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); 2♀, Lugu, 10.IX.2014, leg. H.-T. Shih (TARI); 1♂, Wanfengtsun, 4.X.2007, W.-T. Liu (TARI); Pingtung: 1♀, Chiehchihlaishan, 14.II.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen (TARI); 1♂, 1♀, Kenting, 24.XI.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); 1♂, Lilungshan, 13.III.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen (TARI); 1♀, same locality, 8.III.2014, leg. J.-C. Chen (TARI); 1♂, 2♀, Machia, 11.III.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung (MNHUB); 1♀, Nanjenshan, 19.X.2008, leg. W.-C. Wang (TARI); 2♂, Neiwen, 24.II.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen (TARI); 1♂, Peitawushan, 4.IV.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung (TARI); 4♂, Shouka, 24.II.2012, leg. M.-H. Tsou (RBCN); 1♂, 1♀, Sulin, 15.IV.2009, leg. U. Ong (TARI); 1♂, Tahanshan, 28.VIII.2010, leg. Y.-L. Lin (TARI); 1♂, 1♀, same locality, 25.II.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen (TARI); 1♀, 3.IX.2012, leg. Y.-T. Chung (TARI); 1♀, same locality, 29.IV.2014, leg. J.-C. Chan (TARI); 1♂, same locality, 23.V.2014, leg. Y.-T. Chung (TARI); Tainan: 2♂, Meiling, 14.IV.2010, leg. B.-X. Guo (MNHUB); 2♀, same locality, 24.IV.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo (MNHUB); Taipei: 1♀, Fushan, 1.IV.2011, leg. S.-F. Yu (TARI); 1♀, Jiajiuliao, 18.VIII.2009, leg. Y.-T. Wang (TARI); 1♀, Taipei City Zoo, 12.VI.2007, leg. C.-F. Lee (TARI); Taitung: 1♀, Tajen, 18.X.2008, leg. W.-C. Wang (TARI); Yulin: 1♀, Touliu, 4.I.2009, leg. H.-T. Shih (TARI); THAILAND. Mae Hong Son: 2♀, SE of Soppong, 1500 m, 23–27.V.1999, leg. M. Říha (JBCB); Phitsanulok: 1♀, Nam Muang vill., 450 m, 3.V.1999, leg. Říha (JBCB); VIETNAM. 2♂, Buonlol, 1982, leg. L. Medvedev (MNHUB); 1♂, Hoa-Binh, leg. A. Cooman (BPBM); 1♀, Nha-Trang, 1987, leg. M. Opletal (JBCB).

Males. Length 6.6–8.2 mm, width 3.3–4.3 mm. General color (Figs 18–19) yellowish brown but meso- and metathoracic and abdominal ventrites black or blackish brown, middle and hind legs dark brown, outer margins of tibia, and tarsi of front legs dark brown; elytron with two black spots near base, one at humerus, the other placed behind scutellum, and with one transverse black band behind middle and usually intercepted by suture. Antenna (Fig. 27) filiform and extremely slender, antennomere I not enlarged; ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.9; ratio of length to width from antennomere III to XI about 3.8: 3.8: 3.5: 3.5: 3.4: 3.5: 3.3: 3.3: 4.0. Apex of abdominal tergite VIII truncate (Fig. 33), weakly convex at middle, with several short setae along apical margin; base weakly sclerotized. Median lobe of fifth abdominal ventrite rectangular, disc weakly depressed. Penis (Figs 29–30) slender, widest at apical 1/3, apically tapering, apex pointed; narrowest at apical 3/5; almost straight in lateral view, curved at apical 1/3; tectum membranous, parallelsided, apex truncate; endophallus with clusters of several stout setae, and with one longitudinal sclerite, extremely curved at apical 1/3, basally widened.

Females. Length 8.8–9.8 mm, width 4.3–4.9 mm. Similar to male (Fig. 20), but antennomeres III–V wider (Fig. 28); ratio of length of antennomeres III to XI about 1.0: 1.1: 1.1: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 1.2; ratio of length to width from antennomere III to XI about 3.3: 3.7: 3.6: 3.3: 3.3: 3.2: 3.3: 3.3: 4.5. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V truncate. Gonocoxae (Fig. 31) wide, apex of each gonocoxa with seven or eight setae from apical 1/6 to apex; gonocoxae connected at middle, base slender. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 32) weakly sclerotized; apex narrow, apical margin a little emarginate at middle, surface with dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Spermathecal receptaculum (Fig. 34) strongly swollen; pump strongly curved; spermathecal duct short, stout, shallowly projecting into receptaculum.

Variation. Some specimens collected from China, Taiwan, and Japan have only one pair of black spots on elytral humerus or even no black spots at all; specimens from China, and Southeast Asia have yellow brown legs. Specimens collected from Java have their characteristic color patterns: in addition to typical form, some have welldeveloped posterior spots and form transverse band (Fig. 21); some have well-developed anterior and posterior spots and form transverse bands (Fig. 22); some have the black apical half (Fig. 23). Specimens collected from Sumatra have also their characteristic color patterns: all have black middle and hind legs; some have black basal 1/ 5 and one pair of transverse bands at apical 1/3 on elytra (Fig. 24); others have black basal 2/3 of elytra, with one pair of yellow spots at base near humerus (Fig. 25). One specimen from Vietnam has black elytra with yellow apices and one pair of small yellow spots at base near humerus (Fig 26).

Remarks. Some authors (such as Kimoto 1989; Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002) thought that Galleruca bicolor described by Fabricius (1801) was different from that by Weber (1801). Actually, Fabricius (1801) redescribed Galleruca bicolor based on Weber’s types (Zimsen 1964).

Host plants. Cucurbitaceae: Zehneria mucronata (Bl.) Miq. (present study).

Distribution. Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.