Goniglossum Rondani

Goniglossum Rondani, 1856: 110. Type species: Trypeta wiedemanni Meigen, by original designation.

Partial synonymy: Hendel, 1927: 88 (Palaearctic fauna [Gonioglossum, sic]). Séguy, 1934: 118 (French fauna [Gonioglossum, sic]). Freidberg and Kugler, 1989: 188 (Israel fauna, redescription). Merz, 1994: 103 (Swiss fauna). Norrbom, 1997: 340 (key, cladistics and synonymy). White, 1998: 37 (British fauna). Smit, 2010: 128 (Dutch fauna).

Norrbom (1997) synonymized Goniglossum under Carpomya, and transferred G. wiedemanni to Carpomya. Here I reinstate Goniglossum as a valid genus (new status), return wiedemanni to its former genus (Goniglossum), and describe a new species, Goniglossum liat.

Diagnosis. Although clearly a carpomyine, Goniglossum is not only easily distinguishable from all other genera of the subtribe but is also unique among all trypetines and related taxa in possessing a long proboscis. A long proboscis is encountered occasionally among the Tephritinae but is entirely absent in the other groups of Tephritidae. In Goniglossum the long proboscis is apparently associated with the peculiar shape of the head which is extended in an unusual way along a posterodorsal-anteroventral axis. Other characters, unique to Goniglossum when compared to other Carpomyina, are the lack of a posterodistal lobe in cell cup and the arrow-shaped, apically serrated aculeus (with 5–15 marginal teeth).

Redescription. Head (Fig. 2): Frons flat, more than twice as wide as eye; frontal vitta with fine setulae; frontofacial angle about 135o; face with prominent carina; ventral part of carina broader and protuberant; angle between parafacial and gena markedly protuberant, with coarse setulae; occiput strongly convex; eye rather oblique, longest diameter about 2.5 times as long as shortest diameter. First flagellomere about 2.5 times as long as high, with or without distinct apicodorsal point; arista almost bare. Proboscis geniculate; haustellum about as long as longest diameter of eye; labella slightly longer than haustellum; palpus about as long as antenna. Setae mostly black; postocellar seta sometimes yellowish; both vertical setae black, ocellar seta about as long as lateral vertical seta; 2 orbital setae, anterior orbital seta longer than postocellar seta; 3 frontal setae; genal seta usually indistinct; postocullar setae fine, brown.

Thorax: Mesonotum about 1.0–1.1 times as long as wide; scutellum strongly convex. Chaetotaxy normal for the tribe; setae mostly black; scapulars vary from yellow to blackish; dorsocentral seta aligned with or slightly anterior to anterior supra-alar seta; 2 pairs of equal scutellar setae and 2 anepisternal setae present; Mesonotum and pleuron with elaborate dark (brown or black) pattern over contrasting paler (white or yellow) background. See species descriptions and Figs. 3–7 for detail.

Legs: Mostly yellow; femora sometimes brownish. setae brown to black; Setulae yellowish; midfemur and hindfemur in male with comb of rather short, fine, erect setae ventrally.

Wing (Fig. 8): Enlarged costal setae (near costal break) short, not much longer than adjacent setulae; vein R4+5 dorsally with 1–6 setulae, including 1–3 (usually 2–3) setulae at node, rarely with some (1–3) setulae along proximal section, ventrally with 0–3 setulae at node (usually 0). Vein R2+3 with stump vein extending anteriorly, approximately aligned with crossvein DM-Cu, usually extending to 0.50–0.66 of width of cell r2+3; crossvein R-M at mid-length of cell dm; veins R4+5 and M somewhat divergent towards wing apex; vein A1+Cu2 slightly curved near vein Cu2; cell bcu without or with indistinct posterodistal point. Wing pattern banded, with bands partly yellow, partly dark brown or blackish. Basal band united with 2nd band between Sc and vein M, and 3rd band united with apical band between vein C and vein R4+5.

Abdomen: Coloration strongly variable both inter- and intra-specifically, with dark pattern usually less contrasted than on thorax and less obvious in G. wiedemanni than in G. l i a t. Epandrium with elongate surstylus (Figs. 9, 10), similar to C. tica Norrbom (1997: 343, Figs. 3, 4); glans strongly sclerotized, with large bubble-like structure in ventrobasal part of sclerotization (Figs. 11–12, bars). Tergite 6 of female much shorter than tergite 5; apex of aculeus arrow-shaped and serrated (Fig. 13 b, 14b).

Host plants and biology. The biology of G. wiedemanni was studied in detail by Silvestri (1920). The larvae of both species develop in berries of Bryonia spp. (Cucurbitaceae). A brief overview of the biology is provided here under G. l i a t.