Published February 28, 2013 | Version v1

The Role Of Macaca Spp. (Primates: Cercopithecidae) In Seed Dispersal Networks

Description

Albert, Aurélie, Savini, Tommaso, Huynen, Marie-Claude (2013): The Role Of Macaca Spp. (Primates: Cercopithecidae) In Seed Dispersal Networks. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61 (1): 423-434, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5352158

Files

source.pdf

Files (156.7 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:c0949a591e23d02ad3f55a765cae5b4c
156.7 kB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FF949A591E23D02AFFF55A76FFAE5B4C

Related works

Has part
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5352160 (DOI)

References

  • Agetsuma, N. & N. Nakagawa, 1998. Effects of habitat differences on feeding behaviors of Japanese monkeys: Comparison between Yakushima and Kinkazan. Primates, 39: 275-289.
  • Albert, A., 2012. Feeding and Ranging Behavior of Northern Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca leonina): Impact on their seed Dispersal Effectiveness and Ecological Contribution in a Tropical Rainforest at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium. 220 pp.
  • Albert, A., A. Hambuckers, L. Culot, T. Savini & M.-C. Huynen, 2013. Frugivory and seed dispersal by northern pigtailed macaques (Macaca leonina), in Thailand. International Journal of Primatology, 34: 170-193.
  • Andresen, E., 1999. Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian rain forest. Biotropica, 31: 145-158.
  • Astaras, C. & M. Waltert, 2010. What does seed handling by the drill tell us about the ecological services of terrestrial cercopithecines in African forests? Animal Conservation, 13: 568-578.
  • Babweteera, F., P. Savill & N. Brown, 2007. Balanites wilsoniana: Regeneration with and without elephants. Biological Conservation, 134: 40-47.
  • Bascompte, J. & P. Jordano, 2006. The structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. In: Pascual, M. & J. Dunne (eds.), Ecological Networks. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 143-159.
  • Bascompte, J. & P. Jordano, 2007. Plant-animal mutualistic networks: The architecture of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 38: 567-593.
  • Bascompte, J., P. Jordano, C. J. Melian & J. M. Olesen, 2003. The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100: 9383-9387.
  • bin Kassim, H., 1987. Behavioural ecology of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac) in the Ulu Lepar valley, Pahang Darulmakmur. Journal of Wildlife and Parks, 6-7: 67-78.
  • Borries, C., E. Larney, K. Kreetiyutanont & A. Koenig, 2002. The diurnal primate community in a dry evergreen forest in Phu Khieo wildlife sanctuary, Northeast Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 50: 75-88.
  • Brodie, J. F., 2007. Effects of Seed Dispersal by Gibbons, Sambar, and Muntjac on Choerospondias axillaris Demography, and the Disruption of this Mutualism by Wildlife Poaching. University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 95 pp.
  • Brodie, J. F., O. E. Helmy, W. Y. Brockelman & J. L. Maron, 2009. Functional differences within a guild of tropical mammalian frugivores. Ecology, 90: 688-698.
  • Caldecott, J. O., 1986. An Ecological and Behavioural Study of the Pig-Tailed Macaque. Karger, Basel. 259 pp.
  • Caldecott, J. O., A. T. C. Feistner & E. L. Gadsby, 1996. A comparison of ecological strategies of pig-tailed macaques, mandrills and drills. In: Fa, J. E. & D. G. Lindburg (eds.), Evolution and Ecology of Macaque Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 73-94.
  • Campos-Arceiz, A., A. R. Larrinaga, U. R. Weerasinghe, S. Takatsuki, J. Pastorini, P. Leimgruber, P. Fernando & A. L. Santamaria, 2008. Behavior rather than diet mediates seasonal differences in seed dispersal by Asian elephants. Ecology, 89: 2684-2691.
  • Chang, K., 1999. Foraging Strategies of Formosan Macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Fushan Experimental Forest. National Taiwan University, Taipei.
  • Chanthorn, W. & W. Y. Brockelman, 2008. Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment in the light-demanding tree Choerospondias axillaris in old-growth forest in Thailand. ScienceAsia, 34: 129-135.
  • Chapman, C. A., 1995. Primate seed dispersal: Coevolution and conservation implications. Evolutionary Anthropology, 4: 74-82.
  • Chapman, C.A. & L. J. Chapman, 1995. Survival without dispersers: Seeding recruitment under parents. Conservation Biology, 9: 675-678.
  • Chapman, C. A. & L. J. Chapman, 1996. Frugivory and the fate of dispersed and nondispersed seeds in six African tree species. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 12: 491-504.
  • Chapman, C. A. & L. J. Chapman, 1999. Forest restoration in abandoned agricultural land: A case study from East Africa. Conservation Biology, 13: 1301-1311.
  • Chapman, C. A., L. J. Chapman, R. Wrangham, K. Hunt, D. Gebo & L. Gardner, 1992a. Estimators of fruit abundance of tropical trees. Biotropica, 24: 527-531.
  • Chapman, C. A. & S. E. Russo, 2007. Primate seed dispersal: Linking behavioral ecology with forest community structure. In: Campbell, C. J., A. F. Fuentes, K. C. MacKinnon, M. Panger & S. Bearder (eds.), Primates in Perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 510-525.
  • Chapman, H. M., S. L. Goldson & J. Beck, 2009. Postdispersal removal and germination of seed dispersed by Cercopithecus nictitans in a West African montane forest. Folia primatologica, 81: 41-50.
  • Chapman, L. J., C. A. Chapman & R. Wrangham, 1992b. Balanites wilsoniana: Elephant dependent dispersal? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 8: 275-283.
  • Chen, C. E., 1999. The Influence of Formosan Macaques (Macaca cyclopis) on Seed Dispersal in Fushan Experimental Forest. National Taiwan University, Taipei.
  • Choudhury, A., 2008. Ecology and behaviour of the pig-tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina leonina in some forests of Assam in north-east India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 105: 279-291.
  • Clark, C. J., J. R. Poulsen & V. T. Parker, 2001. The role of arboreal seed dispersal groups on the seed rain of a lowland tropical forest. Biotropica, 33: 606-620.
  • Coates-Estrada, R. & A. Estrada, 1988. Frugivory and seed dispersal in Cymbopetalum baillonii at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 4: 157-172.
  • Connell, J. H., 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In: den Boer, P. J. & G. R. Gradwell (eds.), Dynamics of Populations. Centre for Agricultural Publication and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Pp. 298-312.
  • Corlett, R., 1996. Characteristics of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in Hong Kong. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 12: 819-833.
  • Corlett, R., 1998. Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region. Biological Reviews, 73: 413-448.
  • Corlett, R., 2002. Frugivory and seed dispersal in degraded tropical East Asian landscape. In: Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva & M. Galetti (eds.), Seed-Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CABI Publishing, New York. Pp. 451-465.
  • Corlett, R., 2009. Seed dispersal distances and plant migration potential in tropical East Asia. Biotropica, 41: 592-598.
  • Corlett, R. & P. W. Lucas, 1989. Consumption of Campnospermum auriculatum (Anacardiaceae) fruit by vertebrates in Singapore. Malayan Nature journal, 42: 273-276.
  • Corlett, R. & P. W. Lucas, 1990.Alternative seed-handling strategies in primates: Seed-spitting by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Oecologia, 82: 166-171.
  • Culot, L., 2009. Primary Seed Dispersal by Two Sympatric Species of Tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus mystax, and Post-Dispersal Seed Fate. Universite de Liege, Liege.
  • Datta,A. & G. S. Rawat, 2008. Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Tropical Conservation Science, 1: 163-185.
  • Dew, J. L. & P. Wright, 1998. Frugivory and seed dispersal by four species of primates in Madagascar's Eastern rain forest. Biotropica, 30: 425-437.
  • Dominy, N. J. & B. W. Duncan, 2005. Seed-spitting primates and the conservation and dispersion of large-seeded trees. International Journal of Primatology, 26: 631-649.
  • Duncan, R. S. & C. A. Chapman, 1999. Seed dispersal and potential forest succession in abandoned agriculture in tropical Africa. Ecological Applications, 9: 998-1008.
  • Duncan, R. S. & C. A. Chapman, 2002. Limitations of animal seed dispersal for enhancing forest succession on degraded lands. In: Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva & M. Galetti (eds.), Seed-Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York. Pp. 437-450.
  • Eudey,A. A., 2008. The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis): Widespread and rapidly declining. Primate Conservation, 23: 129-132.
  • Fleming, T. H. & E. R. Heithaus, 1981. Frugivorous bats, seed shadows, and the structure of tropical forests. Biotropica, 13: 45-53.
  • Fleming, T. H. & C. F. Williams, 1990. Phenology, seed dispersal, and recruitment in Cecropia peltata (Moraceae) in Costa Rican tropical dry forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6: 163-178.
  • Forest Restoration Research Unit, 2006. How to Plant a Forest: The Principles and Practice of Restoring Tropical Forests. Biology Department, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. 200 pp.
  • Forget, P.-M., A. J. Dennis, S. J. Mazer, P.A. Jansen, S. Kitamura, J. E. Lambert & D.A. Westcott, 2007. Seed allometry and disperser assemblages in tropical rainforests: A comparision of four floras on different continents. In: Dennis, A. J., E. W. Schupp, R. J. Green & D. Westcott (eds.), Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World. CAB International Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Pp. 5-36.
  • Fortuna, M.A. & J. Bascompte, 2006. Habitat loss and the structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Ecology Letters, 9: 281-286.
  • Ganesh, T. & P. Davidar, 2005. Fruiting phenology and pre-dispersal seed predation in a rainforest in southern western Ghats, India. In: Dew, J. L. & J.-P. Boubli (eds.), Tropical Fruits and Frugivores: The Search of Strong Interactors. Springer, Dordrecht. Pp. 139-154.
  • Garber, P. A. & J. E. Lambert, 1998. Introduction to primate seed dispersal. Primates as seed dispersers: Ecological processes and directions for future research. American Journal of Primatology, 45: 3-8.
  • Hanya, G., 2004. Diet of a Japanese macaque troop in the coniferous forest of Yakushima. International Journal of Primatology, 25: 55-71.
  • Hanya, G., 2005. Comparisons of dispersal success between the species fruiting prior to and those at the peak of migrant frugivore abundance. Plant Ecology, 181: 167-177.
  • Hanya, G., N. Noma & N. Agetsuma, 2003.Altitudinal and seasonal variations in the diet of Japanese macaques in Yakushima. Primates, 44: 51-59.
  • Herrera, C. M., 1984. A study of avian frugivores, bird-dispersed plants, and their interaction in mediterranean scrublands. Ecological Monographs, 54: 1-23.
  • Herrera, C. M., 1985. Determinants of plant-animal coevolution: The case of mutualistic dispersal of seeds by vertebrates. Oikos, 44: 132-141.
  • Howe, H. F., 1983. Annual variation in a neotropical seed-dispersal system. In: Sutton, S. L., T. C. Whitmore & A. C. Chadwick (eds.), Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Pp. 211-227.
  • Howe, H. F., 1989. Scatter- and clump-dispersal and seedling demography: Hypothesis and implications. Oecologia, 79: 417-426.
  • Howe, H. F. & J. Smallwood, 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 13: 201-228.
  • Huang, C.-L., 2005. Effects of Dispersal via Cheek Pouches of Formosan Macaques (Macaca cyclopis) on Seed Shadow and Seed Fate of Three Lauraceae Species at Fushan Experimental Forest. National Taiwan University, Taipei.
  • Janzen, D. H., 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. The American Naturalist, 104(940): 501-528.
  • Jordano, P., J. Bascompte & J. M. Olesen, 2003. Invariant properties in coevolutionary networks of plant-animal interactions. Ecology Letters, 6: 69-81.
  • Jordano, P. & J. A. Godoy, 2002. Frugivore-generated seed shadows: A landscape view of demographic and genetic effects. In: Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva & M. Galetti (eds.), Seed-Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York. Pp. 305-321.
  • Kanwatanakid-Savini, C.-O., P. Poonswad & T. Savini, 2009. An assessment of food overlap between gibbons and hornbills. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 57: 189-198.
  • Kanwatanakid, C.-O., 2000. Characteristics of Fruits Consumed by the White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Mahidol University, Bangkok. 136 pp.
  • Kaplin, B. A. & J. E. Lambert, 2002. Effectiveness of seed dispersal by Cercopithecus Monkeys: Implications for seed input into degraded areas. In: Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva & M. Galetti (eds.), Seed-Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CABI Publishing, New York. Pp. 351-364.
  • Kaplin, B. A. & T. C. Moermond, 1998. Variation in seed handling by two species of forest monkeys in Rwanda. American Journal of Primatology, 45: 83-101.
  • Kaplin, B. A., V. Munyaligoga & T. C. Moermond, 1998. The influence of temporal changes in fruit availability on diet composition and seed handling in blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti). Biotropica, 30: 56-71.
  • Khamcha, D., 2009. Movement Patterns, Seed Dispersal and Tree- Fall Gap Use by a Forest Interior Frugivore: Puff-Throated Bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus). King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand. 71 pp.
  • Kirika, J. M., B. Bleher, K. Bohning-Gaese, R. Chira & N. Farwig, 2008. Fragmentation and local disturbance of forests reduce frugivore diversity and fruit removal in Ficus thonningii trees. Basic and Applied Ecology, 9: 663-672.
  • Kitamura, S., 2007. Current knowledge and future issues for frugivory and seed dispersal by animals in Southeast Asia: Special reference to large frugivorous birds and mammals. Japanese Journal of Ecology, 57: 159-171.
  • Kitamura, S., S. Suzuki, T. Yumoto, P. Poonswad, P. Chuailua, K. Plongmai, T. Maruhashi, N. Noma & C. Suckasam, 2006. Dispersal of Canarium euphyllum (Burseraceae), a large-seeded tree species, in a moist evergreen forest in Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 22: 137-146.
  • Kitamura, S., S. Suzuki, T. Yumoto, P. Poonswad, P. Chuailua, K. Plongmai, N. Noma, T. Maruhashi & C. Suckasam, 2004a. Dispersal of Aglaia spectabilis, a large-seeded tree species in a moist evergreen forest in Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 20: 421-427.
  • Kitamura, S., T. Yumoto, P. Poonswad, P. Chuailua & K. Plongmai, 2004b. Characteristics of hornbill-dispersed fruits in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand. Bird Conservation International, 14: S81-S88.
  • Kitamura, S., T. Yumoto, P. Poonswad, P. Chuailua, K. Plongmai, T. Maruhashi & N. Noma, 2002. Interactions between fleshy fruits and frugivores in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand. Oecologia, 133: 559-572.
  • Kitamura, S., T. Yumoto, P. Poonswad, P. Chuailua, K. Plongmai, N. Noma, T. Maruhashi & P. Wohandee, 2005. Fruit-frugivore interactions in a moist evergreen forest of Khao Yai National Park in Thailand. Tropics, 14: 345-355.
  • Kitamura, S., T. Yumoto, P. Poonswad & P. Wohandee, 2007. Frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23: 373-376.
  • Koike, S., S. Kasai, K. Yamazaki & K. Furubayashi, 2008. Fruit phenology of Prunus jamasakura and the feeding habit of the Asiatic black bear as a seed disperser. Ecological Research, 23: 385-392.
  • Koike, S., T. Masaki, Y. Nemoto, C. Kozakai, K. Yamazaki, S. Kasai, A. Nakajima & K. Kaji, 2011. Estimate of the seed shadow created by the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus and its characteristics as a seed disperser in Japanese cool-temperate forest. Oikos, 120: 280-290.
  • Kozakai, C., K. Yamazaki, Y. Nemoto, A. Nakajima, S. Koike, S. Abe, T. Masaki & K. Kaji, 2011. Effect of mast production on home range use of Japanese black bears. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 75: 867-875.
  • Krishnamani, R., 1994. Diet composition of the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) in a tropical dry evergreen forest of Southern India. Tropical Biodiversity, 2: 285-302.
  • Kumar, R. S., C. Mishra & A. Sinha, 2007. Foraging ecology and time-activity budget of the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala: A preliminary study. Current Science, 93: 532-539.
  • Kurup, G. U. & A. Kumar, 1993. Time budget and activity patterns of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus). International Journal of Primatology, 14: 27-39.
  • Lambert, J. E., 1999. Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit-processing strategies and seed dispersal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 109: 365-386.
  • Lambert, J. E., 2001. Red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) and strychnos mitis: Evidence for plant benefits beyond seed dispersal. International Journal of Primatology, 22: 189-201.
  • Lambert, J. E., 2010. Primate seed dispersers as umbrella species: A case study from Kibale National Park, Uganda, with implications for Afrotropical forest conservation. American Journal of Primatology, 71: 1-16.
  • Lambert, J. E. & C. A. Chapman, 2005.The fate of primate-dispersed seeds: Deposition pattern, dispersal distance and implications for conservation. In: Forget, P.-M., J. E. Lambert, P. E. Hulme & S. B. Vander Wall (eds.), Seed Fate-Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment. CAB International, Cambridge. Pp. 137-150.
  • Lindburg, D. G., 1977. Feeding behaviour and diet of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a Siwalik forest in north India. In: Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.) Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes. Academic Press, London. Pp. 223-249.
  • Loiselle, B. A., P. G. Blendinger, J. G. Blake & T. B. Ryder, 2007. Ecological redundancy in seed dispersal systems: A comparison between manakins (Aves: Pipridae) in two tropical forests. In: Dennis, A. J., E. W. Schupp, R. A. Green & D. A. Westcott (eds.), Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 178-195.
  • Lucas, P. W. & R. T. Corlett, 1998. Seed dispersal by long-tailed macaques. American Journal of Primatology, 45: 29-44.
  • Makwana, S. C., 1978. Field ecology and behaviour of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): I. Group composition, home range, roosting sites, and foraging routes in the Asarori Forest. Primates, 19: 483-492.
  • Martinez, I., D. Garcia & J. R. Obeso, 2008. Differential seed dispersal patterns generated by a common assemblage of vertebrate frugivores in three fleshy-fruited trees. Ecoscience, 15: 189-199.
  • Maruhashi, T., 1980. Feeding behavior and diet of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Primates, 21: 141-160.
  • McConkey, K. R., 2000. Primary seed shadow generated by gibbons in the rain forests of Barito Ulu, central Borneo. American Journal of Primatology, 52: 13-29.
  • McConkey, K. R. & W. Y. Brockelman, 2011. Non-redundancy in the dispersal network of a generalist tropical forest tree. Ecology, 92: 1492-1502.
  • McConkey, K. R., S. Prasad, R. T. Corlett, A. Campos-Arceiz, J. F. Brodie, H. Rogers & L. Santamaria, 2012. Seed dispersal in changing landscapes. Biological Conservation, 146: 1-13.
  • Medellin, R. A. & O. Gaona, 1999. Seed dispersal by bats and birds in forest and disturbed habitats of Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica, 31: 478-485.
  • Mello, M. A. R., F. M. D. Marquitti, P. R. Guimaraes Jr., E. K. V. Kalko, P. Jordano & M. A. M. de Aguiar, 2011. The missing part of seed dispersal networks: Structure and robustness of bat-fruit interactions. PLoS ONE, 6: e17395.
  • Melo, F. P. L., E. Martinez-Salas, J. Benitez-Malvido & G. Ceballos, 2010. Forest fragmentation reduces recruitment of large-seeded tree species in a semi-deciduous tropical forest of southern Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 26: 35-43.
  • Menard, N., 1985. Le regime alimentaire de Macaca sylvanus dans differents habitats d'Algerie: I. Regime en chenaie decidue. Terre et Vie, 40: 451-466.
  • Menard, N. & D. Vallet, 1986. Le regime alimentaire de Macaca sylvanus dans differents habitats d'Algerie: II. Regime en foret sempervirente et sur les sommets rocheux. Terre et Vie, 41: 173-192.
  • Murali, K. S., 1997. Patterns of seed size, germination and seed viability of tropical tree species in southern India. Biotropica, 29: 271-279.
  • Murray, P., 1975. The role of cheek pouches in cercopithecine monkey adaptative strategy. In: Tuttle, R. H. (ed.) Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution. Mouton, The Hague. Pp. 151-194.
  • Nakashima, Y. N. & J. A. S. Sukor, 2009. Importance of common palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) as a long-distance disperser for large-seeded plants in degraded forests. Tropics, 18: 221-229.
  • Nathan, R. & H. C. Muller-Landau, 2000. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 15: 278-285.
  • Ngoprasert, D., 2012. Habitat Selection and Food Habits of Sympatric Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus) and Malayan Sun Bears (Ursus malayanus) in Evergreen Forest. King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi.
  • Noma, N. & T. Yumoto, 1997. Fruiting phenology of animaldispersed plants in response to winter migration of frugivores in a warm temperate forest on Yakushima Island, Japan. Ecological Research, 12: 119-129.
  • Nunez-Iturri, G. & H. F. Howe, 2007. Bushmeat and the fate of trees with seeds dispersed by large primates in a lowland rain forest in Western Amazonia. Biotropica, 39: 348-354.
  • O'Brien, T. G. & M. F. Kinnaird, 1997. Behavior, diet, and movements of the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra). International Journal of Primatology, 18: 321-351.
  • Otani, T., 2004. Effects of macaque ingestion on seed destruction and germination of a fleshy-fruited tree, Eurya emarginata. Ecological Research, 19: 495-501.
  • Parrotta, J. A., O. H. Knowles & J. M. Wunderle Jr, 1997. Development of floristic diversity in 10-year-old reforestation forests on a bauxite mined site in Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 99: 21-42.
  • Peres, C. A. & M. van Roosmalen, 2002. Primate frugivory in two species-rich Neotropical forests: Implications for the demography of large-seeded plants in overhunted areas. In: Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva & M. Galetti (eds.), Seed-Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. CAB International, New York. Pp. 407-421.
  • Phua, P. B. & R. Corlett, 1989. Seed dispersal by the lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis, Pteropodidae, Megachiroptera). Malayan Nature Journal, 42: 251-256.
  • Pombo, A. R., M. Waltert, S. S. Mansjoer, A. Mardiastuti & M. Muhlenberg, 2004. Home range, diet and behaviour of the Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana) in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi. In: Gerold, G., M. Fremerey, E. Guhardja, (ed.) Land Use, Nature Conservation and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 313-325.
  • Poulsen, J. R., C. J. Clark, E. F. Connor & T. B. Smith, 2002. Differential resource use by primates and hornbills: Implications for seed dispersal. Ecology, 83: 228-240.
  • Poulsen, J. R., C. J. Clark & T. B. Smith, 2001. Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17: 787-808.
  • Priston, N. E. C., 2005. Crop-Raiding by Macaca ochreata brunnescens in Sulawesi: Reality, Perceptions and Outcomes for Conservation. University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
  • Rabinowitz, A. R., 1991. Behaviour and movements of sympatric civet species in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Journal of Zoology, 223: 281-298.
  • Ramachandran, K. K. & G. K. Joseph, 2000. Habitat utilization of lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, India. Primate Report, 58: 17-25.
  • Riley, E. P., 2007. Flexibility in diet and activity patterns of Macaca tonkeana in response to anthropogenic habitat alteration. International Journal of Primatology, 28: 107-133.
  • Rodman, P. S., 1979. Skeletal differentiation of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina in relation to arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 51: 51-62.
  • Rowe, N. & M. Myers, 2011. All the World's Primates. Primate Conservation Inc. Charlestown RI. www.alltheworldsprimates. org. (Accessed 10 Oct.2011).
  • Russo, S., 2003. Responses of dispersal agents to tree and fruit traits in Virola calophylla (Myristicaceae): Implications for selection. Oecologia, 136: 80-87.
  • Savini, T., 2005. Socioecology and Reproduction in White-Handed Gibbons (Hylobates lar) at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Universite de Liege, Liege.
  • Savini, T. & C. Kanwatanakid-Savini, 2011. Feeding overlap and seed dispersal efficiency between sympatric hornbills and gibbons in Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 24: 115-122.
  • Schulke, O., D. Pesek, B. J. Whitman & J. Ostner, 2011. Ecology of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Journal of Wildlife in Thailand, 18(1).
  • Schupp, E. W., P. Jordano & J. M. Gomez, 2010. Seed dispersal effectiveness revisited: A conceptual review. New Phytologist, 188: 333-353.
  • Sinha,A., 2001. The bonnet macaque revisited: ecology, demography and behaviour. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, 1: 30-39.
  • Son, V. D., 2003. Diet of Macaca fascicularis in a mangrove forest, Vietnam. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 42(4): 1-5.
  • Spiegel, O. & R. Nathan, 2007. Incorporating dispersal distance into the disperser effectiveness framework: Frugivorous birds provide complementary dispersal to plants in a patchy environment. Ecology Letters, 10: 718-728.
  • Srivastava, A., 2006. Conservation of threatened primates of Northeast India. Primate Conservation, 20: 107-113.
  • Stoner, K. E. & M. Henry, 2008. Seed dispersal and frugivory in tropical ecosystems. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Eolss Publishers, Oxford.
  • Su, H.-H. & L.-L. Lee, 2001. Food habits of formosan rock macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Jentse, Northeastern Taiwan, assessed by fecal analysis and behavioral observation. International Journal of Primatology, 22: 359-377.
  • Sukumar, R., 2006. A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus. International Zoo Yearbook, 40: 1-8.
  • Terborgh, J., G. Nunez-Iturri, N. C. A. Pitman, F. H. Cornejo Valverde, P. Alvarez, V. Swamy, E. G. Pringle & C. E. T. Paine, 2008. Tree recruitment in an empty forest. Ecology, 89: 1757-1768.
  • Traveset, A., 1998. Effect of seed passage through vertebrate frugivores' guts on germination:A review. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 1/2: 151-190.
  • Tsuji, Y., 2010. Effects of the physical characteristics of seeds on gastrointestinal passage time in captive Japanese macaques. Journal of Zoology, 280: 171-176.
  • Tsujino, R. & T. Yumoto, 2009. Topography-specific seed dispersal by Japanese macaques in a lowland forest on Yakushima Island, Japan. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78: 119-125.
  • Umapathy, G. & A. Kumar, 2000. Impacts of the habitat fragmentation on time budget and feeding ecology of lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in rain forest fragments of Anamalai Hills, South India. Primate Report, 58: 67-82.
  • Weir, J. E. S. & R. T. Corlett, 2007. How far do birds disperse seeds in the degraded tropical landscape of Hong Kong, China? Landscape Ecology, 22: 131-140.
  • Wheatley, B. P., 1980. Feeding and ranging of East Bornean Macaca fascicularis. In: Lindburg, D. G. (ed.), The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior and Evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Pp. 215-246.
  • Whitington, C., 1990. Seed Dispersal by White-Handed Gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Mahidol University, Bangkok.
  • Wrangham, R. W., C. A. Chapman & L. J. Chapman, 1994. Seed dispersal by forest chimpanzees in Uganda. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10: 355-368.
  • Zhao, Q. K., Z. Y. Deng & J. M. Xu, 1991. Natural foods and their ecological implications for Macaca thibetana at Mt Emei, China. Folia Primatologica, 57: 1-15.