Reliance on Science

This dataset contains patent-to-paper citations through 2025 as well as patent-paper pairs.

 If you use the citations data, please cite these two articles:

1. M. Marx & A. Fuegi, "Reliance on Science by Inventors: Hybrid Extraction of In-text Patent-to-Article Citations."  forthcoming in Journal of Economics and Management Strategy. (http://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12455)

2. M. Marx, & A. Fuegi, "Reliance on Science: Worldwide Front-Page Patent Citations to Scientific Articles" (2020), Strategic Management Journal 41(9):1572-1594. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/smj.3145) 

 If you use the patent-paper-pairs data, please cite this article:

1. M. Marx, "Does Patenting Promote the Progress of Science? Evidence from Patent-Paper Pairs."  

The datafile containing the citations is pcs_oa_uspto.csv.  Each citation has the applicant/examiner flag, confidence score (1-10), whether the reference was a) only on the front page, b) only in the body text, or c) in both. Note that, in contrast to earlier releases, this file is USPTO-onlly.

The datafile containing the patent-paper pairs (PPPs) is finalpppsadjusted.csv. These are USPTO only, through 2021.  The paper ppprev1.pdf describes the construction of the dataset.

These data are provided under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial license. Please contact us regarding commercial use.  Questions & feedback to support@relianceonscience.org.

This work is sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation grants G-2021-16822 and G-2025-79262 .