INTEGRATED OCEAN GOVERNANCE: ELEMENTS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES

In the 1980s, with the technological evolution for exploration of the marine environment and implementing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, new concepts of sovereignty and rights of sovereignty over maritime areas were introduced. Thereby, many countries started to think about the marine environment strategically apart from their terrestrial environment and consider the maritime security issues in their public policies. In the past, maritime security issues were focused exclusively on the maintenance of maritime trade in wartime. Nowadays, marine resources exploration and management of the maritime environment in times of peace can be added. Furthermore, in the XXI century, there are multiple maritime security concepts outlined by diverse actors, not only security and defense departments. This multiplicity of voices ends up in different forms of actions, sometimes aligned, sometimes conflicting, but rarely efforts with an integrated conception. One of the most common approaches division of maritime security concept would be safety actions or security actions. I can highlight topics related to safety, such as marine search and rescue, certification and inspection of ships, protection of the marine environment, elaboration of navigation rules, all related to the guarantee of navigation and human life. This approach is related to actions done without the "use of force." On the other hand, topics related to security are related to activities done with the possibility of the "use of force" to secure or defend people, goods, equipment, ships, and installations. But, nowadays, this more common division presents difficulties in delimiting actions to combat criminal activities at sea, even in countries like Brazil where the Navy is at the same time the Maritime Authority responsible for safety and actor that projects seapower being accountable for security.