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Published April 11, 2019 | Version v1
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Data from: Sexual dichromatism drives diversification within a major radiation of African amphibians

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Theory predicts that sexually dimorphic traits under strong sexual selection, particularly those involved with intersexual signaling, can accelerate speciation and produce bursts of diversification. Sexual dichromatism (sexual dimorphism in color) is widely used as a proxy for sexual selection and is associated with rapid diversification in several animal groups, yet studies using phylogenetic comparative methods to explicitly test for an association between sexual dichromatism and diversification have produced conflicting results. Sexual dichromatism is rare in frogs, but it is both striking and prevalent in African reed frogs, a major component of the diverse frog radiation termed Afrobatrachia. In contrast to most other vertebrates, reed frogs display female-biased dichromatism in which females undergo color transformation, often resulting in more ornate coloration in females than in males. We produce a robust phylogeny of Afrobatrachia to investigate the evolutionary origins of sexual dichromatism in this radiation and examine whether the presence of dichromatism is associated with increased rates of net diversification. We find that sexual dichromatism evolved once within hyperoliids and was followed by numerous independent reversals to monochromatism. We detect significant diversification rate heterogeneity in Afrobatrachia and find that sexually dichromatic lineages have double the average net diversification rate of monochromatic lineages. By conducting trait simulations on our empirical phylogeny, we demonstrate our inference of trait-dependent diversification is robust. Although sexual dichromatism in hyperoliid frogs is linked to their rapid diversification and supports macroevolutionary predictions of speciation by sexual selection, the function of dichromatism in reed frogs remains unclear. We propose that reed frogs are a compelling system for studying the roles of natural and sexual selection on the evolution of sexual dichromatism across both micro- and macroevolutionary timescales.

Notes

Supplemental Figure 1
Figure S1. A species tree of Hyperoliidae inferred from 1,047 gene trees with ASTRAL-III. Node support is shown for quartet support values and multi-locus bootstraps, with branch lengths depicted in coalescent units (except for tree tips, represented by dotted lines).
FigS1_SpeciesTree_SeqCap.pdf
Supplemental Figure 2
Figure S2. A chronogram of Afrobatrachia inferred from the multilocus BEAST analysis of 283 species. Taxa labeled with blue color denote the 153 species included in the hyperoliid species tree that was used as a partial constraint tree in this analysis. Node support values are not shown because the tree topology was fixed, but error bars representing the 95% HPD for dating estimates are provided.
FigS2_Afrobatrachia_Divergence_Dating.pdf
Supplemental Figure 3
Figure S3. A comparison of Bayesian ancestral character reconstructions inferred using the stochastic Mk model of character evolution with symmetrical (Mk1) or asymmetrical (Mk2) transition rates in combination with a strict clock or random local clock model. All analyses enforced a monochromatic root prior. The marginal likelihoods and average number of state changes are shown for each analysis. Node sizes reflect the posterior probability for the inferred character state, and tips and nodes are colored with monochromatism in yellow and dichromatism in blue.
FigS3_Reconstruction_Comparisons.pdf
Supplemental Figure 4
Figure S4. An illustration of transitions to secondary monochromatism inferred using Bayesian ancestral character reconstruction with the Mk2 and strict clock models. Large nodes outlined with red represent inferred transitions to monochromatism from a dichromatic ancestor. States at nodes and tips are colored with monochromatism in yellow and dichromatism in blue.
FigS4_SC_mk2_Reversals.pdf
Supplemental Figure 5
Figure S5. Ancestral state reconstruction of the observed and hidden state combinations in Afrobatrachian frogs from the best-fit HiSSE model (HiSSE 19; Table 1). Squares at tips are colored by the observed character states (yellow: monochromatic, blue: sexually dichromatic), whereas node pie charts represent the probability of a state assignment to: 1) monochromatism + hidden state absent (yellow), 2) monochromatism + hidden state present (orange), 3) dichromatism + hidden state absent (blue), or 4) dichromatism + hidden state present (purple). No instance of the monochromatism + hidden state present is reconstructed on the phylogeny, whereas a transition to the dichromatism + hidden state present combination is inferred once in the MRCA of two monotypic genera (Cryptothylax, Morerella), indicating a near absence of the hidden state across the entire tree.
FigS5_HiSSE_All_States.pdf
Supplemental Table 1
Table S1. Taxon, voucher, and locality information for all samples included in the sequence-capture experiment
TableS1_Sampling_Final.csv
Supplemental Table 2
Table S2. A summary of the occurrence of monochromatism and sexual dichromatism in Afrobatrachian species based on literature, museum specimens, and collective field observations. For color score, 0 indicates monochromatism and 1 indicates sexual dichromatism.
TableS2_Dichromatism_Data.csv

Funding provided by: National Science Foundation
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
Award Number: 1311006

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FigS1_SpeciesTree_SeqCap.pdf

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