The integration of sensory feedback in the modulation of anuran landing preparation
Authors/Creators
- 1. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango
- 2. Mount Holyoke College
Description
Controlled landing requires preparation. Mammals and bipedal birds vary how they prepare for landing by predicting the timing and magnitude of impact from the integration of visual and non-visual information. Here we explore how an animal that moves primarily through hopping, Rhinella marina, the cane toad, integrates sensory information to modulate landing preparation. Earlier work suggests toads may modulate landing preparation using predictions of impact timing and/or magnitude based on non-visual sensory feedback during takeoff rather than visual cues about the landing itself. Here we disentangled takeoff and landing conditions by hopping toads off platforms of different heights and measured electromyographic (EMG) activity of an elbow extensor, m. anconeus, and used high-speed motion capture to quantify whole body and forelimb kinematics to test how toads integrate visual and non-visual information in landing preparation. We asked two questions: 1) when they conflict, do toads correlate landing preparation with takeoff or landing conditions? And 2) for hops with the same takeoff conditions, does visual information alter the timing of landing preparation? We found that takeoff conditions are a better predictor of the onset of landing preparation than landing conditions, but that visual information is not ignored. When hopping off higher platforms, toads start to prepare for landing later when takeoff conditions are invariant. This suggests that, unlike mammals, toads prioritize non-visual sensory feedback about takeoff conditions to coordinate landing, but that they do integrate visual information to fine-tune landing preparation.
Notes
ReadMe Notes for 'DataFileCoxGillis2019'.
This data accompanies the paper "The integration of sensory feedback in the modulation of anuran landing preparation" By SM Cox and GB Gillis published in Journal of Experimental Biology 2019
The file is a csv file with the following columns:
toad : animal identifier
hop : hop number f: hop on flat ground, l: hop off 6 cm platform, h: hop of 10 cm platform
takeoffs : time vertical velocity reaches 5 cm/s (s)
ltouchs : time left forelimb touchdown (s)
rtouchs : time right forelimb touched down (s)
mass : animal mass (mg)
T0 : start of hop (s)
E2t : time of start of elbow extension in preparation for landing
onLanc : time of start of prelanding EMG activity left forelimb
onRanc : time of start of prelanding EMG activity left forelimb
dist : hop distance (cm)
height : vertical height difference from resting to touchdown (cm)
TDext : elbow extension of forelimbs at touchdown (180 = straight limb)
treat : treatment: f: hop on flat ground, l: hop off 6 cm platform, h: hop of 10 cm platform
touchs : time first limb touchdown
intAL60touch : integrated EMG 60 ms before touchdown
maxTOvelAngleBB : angle of torso from horizontal at maximum vertical velocity (deg)
maxTOvelVBB : maximum vertical velocity of snout at takeoff (cm/s)
maxTOvelHeight: height of snout of the animal at time of maximum vertical velocity during takeoff (cm)
maxTOvelBBT : time of maximum vertical velocity during takeoff (s)
dropHeight : difference between maximum vertical position during hop and landing height (cm)
startHeight : height of the animal at rest from reference zero
LR : which limb touched down first L: left, R: right
onanc : timing of onset of EMG for limb that touched down first
predictTD : timing of predicted touchdown
TD60Vel : elbow extension velocity 60 ms before touchdown
int60Onset :Integrated EMG activity 60 ms after beginning of elbow extension
EEvel60 : Average elbow extension 60 ms before touchdown (deg/msec)
Funding provided by: National Science Foundation
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
Award Number: 1051603 to G.B.G.
Files
DataFileCoxGillis2019.csv
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Additional details
Related works
- Is cited by
- 10.1242/jeb.214908 (DOI)