Freezers, Dry Ice and Phase-Change Materials for Cold Chain Equipment in Ultra Low Temperature Logistics

Freezers and dry ice are used for cold chains. Besides them, phase change materials (PCMs) are also involved. A PCM is a substance absorbing and releasing energy at phase transition. The substance is therefore useful for heating and cooling applications. Here we review some facts about the use of  freezer, dry-ice and PCMs for equipment in Ultra Low Temperature Logistics.