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Published March 17, 2021 | Version v1
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Carcharodon carcharias

Description

Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)

Great White Shark

Squalus carcharias Linnaeus, 1758: 235. Holotype unknown, type locality: “Europa”.

Local synonymy: Carcharodon rondeletii: M̹ller & Henle, 1839: 70 (original description including South Africa); Gray, 1851: 61; Bleeker, 1860b: 57; G̹nther, 1870: 392; Gilchrist, 1902: 164; Thompson, 1914: 145. Carcharodon capensis: Smith, 1849: no page no., pl. 4 (original description Cape Seas, South Africa); Bleeker, 1860b: 58. Carcharodon carcharias: Barnard, 1925: 33, fig. 7, pl. 1; Smith, 1949a: 49, pl. 1; Smith, 1951: 729, figs. 1–2; D’Aubrey, 1964a: 16, pl. 4; Smith, 1965: 49, pl. 1; Bass et al., 1975c: 22, fig. 10; Compagno, 1984a: 238, fig.; Bass, 1986: 98, fig. 14.1 pl. 1; Cliff & Wilson, 1986: 10; Compagno et al., 1989: 44, pl.; Smale & Heemstra, 1997: 243, fig. 1; Compagno, 1999: 118; Compagno, 2001: 100, fig. 71; Heemstra & Heemstra, 2004: 70; Compagno et al., 2005: 181, fig., pl. 30; Ebert et al., 2013 a: 227, fig., pl. 28; Mann, 2013: 98; NPOA, 2013: 49; Ebert & Dando, 2014: 47, fig.; da Silva et al., 2015: 247; Ebert & van Hees, 2015: 145; Compagno, 2016: 1243; Weigmann, 2016: 850.

South Africa voucher material: SAIAB 6253 [former ORI 1129], SAIAB 6641 [former ORI 214], SAIAB 6642 [former ORI 229], SAIAB 6643 [former ORI 416], SAIAB 6644 [former ORI 2041], SAIAB 12998, SAIAB 27198, SAIAB 44242, SAIAB 50000, SAIAB 51268, SAIAB 75569, SAIAB 75570, SAIAB 99331, SAIAB 201708.

South African distribution: Occurs along the entire South African coast, with regional, seasonal distribution centered in the southwestern Cape, but also known for transoceanic migrations.

Remarks: A protected species (since 1991) in South Africa due to historical persecution and highly valued jaws and teeth. This species is the focus of a considerable amount of research in South Africa, and also a cage-diving tourism industry. A specimen tagged in 2003 near Cape Town travelled to Australia and back in nine months. An albino specimen was once captured off Algoa Bay (EC).

Conservation status: VU (2019).

Notes

Published as part of Ebert, David A., Wintner, Sabine P. & Kyne, Peter M., 2021, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa, pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4947 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4947.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4614567

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Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

URL
http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A19543FFA5CFF75C73FDED22EA

Cites
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.3913158 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F63D87BA6E5CD01D3923DA3DC67257C (URL)
Is part of
Journal article: 10.11646/zootaxa.4947.1.1 (DOI)
Journal article: http://zenodo.org/record/4614567 (URL)
Journal article: http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFABFFD99569FF8ECF605A0DFFF9206F (URL)
Journal article: http://zoobank.org/7F3B4794-65CF-4691-A330-78A423F2606F (URL)
Is source of
https://biodiversitypmc.sibils.org/collections/plazi/039287A19543FFA5CFF75C73FDED22EA (URL)
https://www.gbif.org/species/181006789 (URL)
https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/7365/taxon/039287A19543FFA5CFF75C73FDED22EA.taxon (URL)

Biodiversity

Scientific name authorship
Linnaeus
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Order
Lamniformes
Family
Lamnidae
Genus
Carcharodon
Species
carcharias
Taxon rank
species
Taxonomic concept label
Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) sec. Ebert, Wintner & Kyne, 2021

References

  • Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542
  • M ʾ ller, J. & Henle, F. G. J. (1839) s. n. In: Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Plagiostomen, Berlin, pp. 29 - 102.
  • Gray, J. E. (1851) List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. British Museum (Natural History), London, 160 pp.
  • Bleeker, P. (1860 b) Zesde bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Japan. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae, 8 (1), 1 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 144153
  • Gilchrist, J. D. F. (1902) Catalogue of fishes recorded from South Africa. Cape of Good Hope, Department of Agriculture, Marine Investigations in South Africa, 1, 97 - 179.
  • Thompson, W. W. (1914) Catalogue of the fishes of the Cape Province (Pt 1). Marine Biological Report, Cape Town, 2 (8), 132 - 167.
  • Smith, A. (1849) Pisces. In: Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Vol. 4. Smith, Elder, and Co., London, 77 pp.
  • Barnard, K. H. (1925) A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I (Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, and Teleostei-Isospondyli to Heterosomata). Annals of the South African Museum, 21, 1 - 418.
  • Smith, J. L. B. (1949 a) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. South Africa Central News Agency Ltd., 550 pp.
  • Smith, J. L. B. (1951) A new galeorhinid shark from South Africa, with notes on other species. Annuals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 4 (37), 86 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935108654128
  • D'Aubrey, J. D. (1964 a) Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 8, 1 - 95.
  • Smith, J. L. B. (1965) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. 5 th Edition. Central News Agency Ltd., 580 pp.
  • Bass, A. J., D'Aubrey, J. D. & Kistnasamy, N. (1975 c) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. IV. The families Odontaspididae, Scapanorhynchidae, Isuridae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Orectolobidae and Rhiniodontidae. Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 39, 1 - 102.
  • Compagno, L. J. V. (1984 a) FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 4. No. 125. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO, Rome, pp. 1 - 250.
  • Bass, A. J. (1986) Families Chlamydoselachidae, Heterodontidae, Orectolobidae, Rhinicodontidae, Scyliorhinidae, Pseudotriakidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Pseudocarchariidae, Squatinidae. In: Smith, M. M. & Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.), Smith's Sea Fishes. Macmillan, Johannesburg, pp. 47 - 48 + 64 - 66 + 87 - 102 + 103 + 107.
  • Cliff, G. & Wilson, R. B. (1986) Natal Sharks Board's Field Guide to Sharks and Other Marine Animals. Natal Sharks Board, Umhlanga Rocks, 57 pp.
  • Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. & Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 158 pp.
  • Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) An overview of chondrichthyan systematics and biodiversity in southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 54, 75 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359199909520406
  • Compagno, L. J. V. (2001) Sharks of the World, an Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Volume 2. Bullhead, Mackerel and Carpet Sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO, Rome, 269 pp.
  • Heemstra, P. C. & Heemstra, E. (2004) Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. National Inquiry Service Centre and South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 488 pp.
  • Compagno, L., Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2005) Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, London, 368 pp.
  • Ebert, D. A., Fowler, S. & Compagno, L. J. V. (2013) Sharks of the World: A Fully Illustrated Guide to the Sharks of the World. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, 528 pp.
  • Mann, B. Q. (2013) Southern African marine linefish species profiles. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication, 9, 1 - 343.
  • NPOA. (2013) National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (NPOA-Sharks). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Rogge Bay, Cape Town, 63 pp.
  • Ebert, D. A. & Dando, M. (2014) On Board Guide for the Identification of Pelagic Sharks and Rays of the Western Indian Ocean. SmartFish Programme, FAO, Rome & Indian Ocean Commission, Port Louis, 109 pp.
  • da Silva C., Booth, A. J., Dudley, S. F. J., Kerwath, S. E., Lamberth, S. J., Leslie, R. W., McCord, M. E., Sauer, W. H. H. & Zweig, T. (2015) A description and updated overview of the status and management of South Africa's chondrichthyan fisheries. South African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1044471
  • Ebert, D. A. & van Hees, K. E. (2015) Beyond jaws: rediscovering the " Lost Sharks " of southern Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 141 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1048730
  • Compagno, L. J. V. (2016) Sharks. In: Carpenter, K. E. & De Angelis, N. (Eds.), The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bivalves, Gastropods, Hagfishes, Sharks, Batoid Fishes, and Chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Rome, pp. 1122 - 1336.
  • Weigmann, S. (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology, 88, 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12874