86. Ixodes frontalis (Panzer, 1798).

A Palearctic species, all of whose parasitic stages are usually found on Passeriformes: Turdidae, but this species has also been recorded from other Aves (several orders), with rare records of adult ticks from Carnivora: Felidae and Mustelidae (Guglielmone et al. 2014, Cull et al. 2018). Ixodes frontalis was listed as a very rare parasite of humans in Guglielmone and Robbins (2018), but Cull et al. (2020) added new records of human parasitism by this tick, and Kar et al. (2017) recorded several specimens from humans, although these latter records have been questioned in Guglielmone and Robbins (2018).

M: Arthur (1952a)

F: Panzer (1798), under the name Acarus frontalis, and given its current status in Koch (1844a)

N: Arthur (1953b); see note below

L: Arthur (1953b); see note below

Redescriptions

M: Filippova (1977), Santos Dias (1990), Siuda (1993), Hillyard (1996), Slovák (2010), Bona and Stanko (2013), Heylen et al. (2014), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017)

F: Olenev (1931a), Schulze (1933c), Pomerantzev et al. (1940), Pomerantzev (1950), Arthur (1952a, 1953d), Babos (1964), Nosek and Sixl (1972), Filippova (1977), Santos Dias (1990), Tovornik (1991), Siuda (1993), Hillyard (1996), Lundqvist et al. (1998), Slovák (2010), Schorn et al. (2011), Heylen et al. (2014), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017); see note below

N: Reznik (1961), Babos (1964), Nosek and Sixl (1972), Filippova (1977), Tovornik (1991), Manilla and Iori (1993), Siuda (1993), Lundqvist et al. (1998), Bona and Stanko (2013), Heylen et al. (2014), Slovák (2014), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017)

L: Reznik (1961), Babos (1964), Nosek and Sixl (1972), Filippova (1977), Manilla and Iori (1992), Márquez et al. (1992), Siuda (1993), Heylen et al. (2014), Slovák (2014), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017)

Note: Neumann (1899) briefly described the larva and nymph (as well as the female) of Ixodes frontalis, but those descriptions are ignored in Neumann (1911a); therefore, it is doubtful that Neumann’s specimens were from bona fide Ixodes frontalis, and we have excluded descriptions in Neumann (1899) from the above lists. Arthur (1952a) noted that there are morphological differences among the descriptions of the female of Ixodes frontalis, while Heylen et al. (2012) warn about confusing the nymph of Ixodes frontalis with that of Ixodes ricinus. Filippova (1977) listed several redescriptions of Ixodes frontalis by other authors under the name Ixodes brunneus, and there are some uncertain redescriptions under the name Ixodes frontalis that are not included in the above lists. Redescriptions un-der the name Ixodes pari, a synonym of Ixodes frontalis, are also not included in the above lists.