Panthera pardus
Authors/Creators
Description
Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) —Leopard
Felis pardus Linnaeus, 1758 p.41; Type locality- Indiis (Egypt); Won, 1968 p.311.
F. orientalis Schlegel, 1857 p.23; Type locality- Korea.
F. villosa Bonhote, 1903 p.475; Type locality- Amur Bay, East Siberia.
Pardus orientalis: Kishida & Mori, 1931 p.379.
F. pardus orientalis: Kuroda, 1938 p.40; Won, 1958 p.442; Won, 1967 p.147; Won, 1968 p.312.
Panthera pardus orientalis: Tate, 1947 p.194; Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951 p.316; Yoon, 1992 p.115.
Panthera pardus: Corbet, 1978 p.184; Han, 1994 p.46; Won & Smith, 1999 p.20; Oh, 2004a p.158.
Range: The original distribution of the leopard in Korea extended throughout the peninsula (Jo & Baccus 2016). Until the 1990s, a few leopards remained in extreme northern North Korea (Kim et al. 2015; Fig. 51). The only official North Korean government report (Korean Central News Agency 17 March 2009) on the status of this species in North Korea reported occurrences in Mt. Myohyang Nature Reserve, Hyangsan County in 2009.
Remarks: Leopards from Korea, Far East Russia, and northeastern China are classified under Panthera pardus orientalis (Schlegel, 1857).
Conservation status: North Korea classified populations as ‘Vulnerable’. The Ministry of Environment in South Korea listed P. pardus as an endangered species in 1997. Despite several unofficial reports of leopards, P. pardus became extinct at least in South Korea, and the NIBR (2012) declared P. pardus in South Korea as ‘Regionally Extinct’. The status of this species in North Korea remains unknown. Radio telemetry studies confirmed that populations exist in the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and Jilin Province of northeast China (Uphyrkina et al. 2002; Miquelle & Goodrich 2009). Leopards cross between Russia, China and North Korea across the Duman River despite a high and long wire fence marking the boundary (Nam 2005). However, North Korea has seldom monitored leopards or their habitats along that part of the border in the mountains (Nam 2005). Unfortunately, wildlife surveys rarely occur in this region. This subspecies was classified and has remained classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ since 1996 by the IUCN; the species is protected by CITES Appendix I.
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Linked records
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Biodiversity
References
- Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Fol. 1. 10 th Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp. [in Latin]
- Won, H. K. (1968) The mammals of Korea. Institute of Science Press, Pyeongyang, 408 pp. [in Korean]
- Schlegel, H. (1857) Handleiding tot de beoefening der dierkunde. Deel 1. Koninklijke Militaire Academie, Breda, 560 pp. [in Dutch]
- Bonhote, J. L. (1903) On two new species of cat from China. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 11, 474 - 476. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678802
- Kishida, K. & Mori, T. (1931) On the distribution of terrestrial mammals of Korea. Zoological Magazine, 43, 372 - 391. [in Japanese]
- Kuroda, N. (1938) A list of the Japanese Mammals. Published by Author, Tokyo, 122 pp.
- Won, P. H. (1958) A hand list of Korean mammals. Bulletin of Kyung-Hee University, 1, 427 - 460.
- Won, P. H. (1967) Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of Korea. Fol. 7. Mammals. Ministry of Education, Seoul, 663 pp. [in Korean]
- Tate, G. H. (1947) Mammals of Eastern Asia. The Macmillan Company, New York, 366 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6397
- Ellerman, J. R. & Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1951) Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp.
- Yoon, M. H. (1992) The wildlife of Korea. Daewonsa Publishing Company, Seoul, 142 pp. [in Korean]
- Corbet, G. B. (1978) The mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London, 314 pp.
- Han, S. H. (1994) The checklist of Mammals in North Korea. Nature Conservation, 86, 44 - 50. [in Korean]
- Won, C. M. & Smith, K. G. (1999) History and current status of mammals of the Korean Peninsula. Mammal Review, 29, 3 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2907.1999.00034. x
- Oh, H. S (2004 a) Order Carnivora. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 142 - 183 [in Korean]
- Jo, Y. S. & Baccus, J. T. (2016) Are large cats compatible with modern society on the Korean Peninsula? Ecological Restoration, 34, 173 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.3368 / er. 34.3.173
- Kim, M. S., Joo, J. S., Oh, S. I, Lee, S. Y., Koh, B. J. & Park, E. C. (2015) Animals of Korea: Mammals. Science and Technology Press, Pyongyang, 211 pp. [in Korean]
- Uphyrkina, O., Miquelle, D., Quigley, H., Criscoll, C. & O'Brien, S. J. (2002) Conservation genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). The Journal of Heredity, 93, 303 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jhered / 93.5.303
- Miquelle, D. G. & Goodrich, J. (2009) Amur Tigers and Far Eastern Leopards in Russia: Research, Training, and Capacity Building in the Russian Far East. Final Report to 21 st Century Tiger from the Wildlife Conservation Society. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, 15 pp.
- Nam, S. (2005) Ecosystem governance in a cross-border area: building a Tuman River transboundary biosphere reserve. China Environment Series, 7, 83 - 88.