The application of Artificial Intelligence in banks in the context of the three lines of defence model

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques within banks is rising, especially for risk management purposes. The question arises whether the commonly used three lines of defence model is still fit for purpose given these new techniques, or if changes to the model are necessary. If AI and ML models are developed with involvement of second line functions, or for pure risk management purposes, independent oversight should be performed by a separate function. Other prerequisites to apply AI and ML in a controlled way are sound governance, a risk framework, an oversight function and policies and processes surrounding the use of AI and ML.