1. Carpinus betulus L

Species Plantarum: 998 (Linnaeus 1753). – Original citation: “Europe, Canada.” – Type: Sweden, Småland, s. coll., s.n. (lecto-, designated by Browicz (1972: 3): LINN! ex herb. Linn. no. 1131.1). – Additional original material: Sweden, Skâne, C. Linnaeus s.n. (S09–40045).

C. vulgaris Mill., The Gardeners Dictionary ed. 8, no. 1 (Miller 1768). – Original citation: “In Germania copiose, rarius in Italia, in Scania & inferiore parte Smolandiae.” – Type: Dodoens (1616: 841) [figure]. – Additional original material: Sweden, Småland, s. coll., s.n. (LINN! ex herb. Linn. no. 1131.1). S. loc., s. coll., s.n. (BM000647417! ex herb. Cliff. no. 447).

C. sepium Lam., Flore Françoise 2: 212 (Lamarck 1779) nom. illegit. superfl. – Note: Lamarck (1779) cites C. betulus L. (Linnaeus 1763: 1416), which includes all citations for C. betulus L. (Linnaeus 1753).

C. compressus Gilib., Exercitia Phytologica 2: 399 (Gilibert 1792) nom. inval., opus utique oppr.

C. ulmifolia Salisb., Prodromus Stirpium in Horto ad Chapel Allerton Vigentium: 392 (Salisbury 1796) nom. illegit. superfl. – Note: Salisbury (1796) cites C. betulus L. (Linnaeus 1763: 1416), which includes all citations for C. betulus L. (Linnaeus 1753).

C. ulmoides Gray, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 245 (Gray 1821) nom. illegit. superfl. – Note: Gray (1821) cites C. betulus L. (Linnaeus 1763: 1416), which includes all citations for C. betulus L. (Linnaeus 1753).

C. austriaca M.Serres, Voyage dans le Tyrol: 320 (Serres 1823) nom. nud. – Original citation: “Les environs de Brixen [...], je distinguai le carpinus austriaca, tout-à-fait étranger à la Flore du Nord du Tyrol.” – Associated material: S.d. (P06810513!).

C. carpinizza Host, Flora Austriaca 2: 626 (Host 1831). – C. betulus [unranked] carpinizza (Host) Dippel, Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2: 140 (Dippel 1891) [“1892”]. – C. betulus var. carpinizza (Host) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 140 (Schneider 1904). – C. betulus subsp. carpinizza (Host) O.Schwarz, Mitteilungen der Thüringischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 1: 96 (Schwarz 1949). – Original citation: “In sylvis Transylvaniae. Kitaibel. Fl. Majo. Incolae Transylvaniae, valachice loquentes, [...], et Carpinizza vocant.” – Type: not localized (not in Kitaibel’s herbarium in BP or in W). – Note: the application of this name is somewhat ambiguous. Host mentions in the description the 3-lobed bracts with smooth margins of the side lobes, typical for C. betulus. Neilreich (1861: 76), however, mentions that the name “carpinizza” is the vernacular Walachian name for C. duinensis Scop. (C. orientalis Mill.) and blames Kitaibel to whom Host refers for mixing that up. Then again, there is a C. orientalis specimen in Kitaibel’s herbarium (XL/84!) with a label that this plant is called “Kárpánicza”. It was therefore Host, not Kitaibel, misapplying the name. Schneider (1904) refers the rank variety to Neilreich (1861: 76), but Neilreich did not publish that combination. Therefore, Schneider’s combination is the first at this rank.

C. betulus var. integriloba Spach, Annales des sciences naturelles, Botanique ser. 2 16: 252 (Spach 1841a). – Type: Ménagerie, 1833, s. coll., s.n. (lecto-, designated here: P06810518!). – Note: Spach did not cite any locality or specific specimen but this collection from Spach’s herbarium bears a note “Nob.” (ours).

C. betulus var. odontoloba Spach, Annales des sciences naturelles, Botanique ser. 2 16: 252 (Spach 1841a). – Original citation: No detailed data given. – Type: not localized.

C. betulus f. serrata Schur nom. nud. in sched., non Beck (Beck von Mannagetta 1890). – Associated material: Romania, Siebenbürgen, Bergregion bis 3000’, 1848, P.J.F. Schur 14164 (P06747296!). Romania, Siebenbürgen, Hermannstadt [Sibiu], 1848, P.J.F. Schur 14166 (P06747370!). – Note: this name is only known from two specimens, but Schur published many taxa, and this name might have been published. Should Schur’s name have been validly published before 1904, then it would have priority over C. betulus var. serrata (Beck) C.K.Schneid. (C. betulus [unranked] serrata Beck, basion.).

C. intermedia Wierz. ex Rchb., Icones Florae Germanicae et Helveticae 12: 4, pl. DCXXXIII (Reichenbach 1850). – Original citation: “in Bannatu, am Wege von der Sägemühle gegen Kirscharusch bei Steyersdorf [Anina in Caraș-Severin], [P.P]. Wierzbicki!”. – Type: not localized.

C. betulus var. provincialis Gren. & Godr., Flore de France 3 (1): 121 (Grenier & Godron 1855). – C. provincialis J.Gay nom. nud. in sched. – Original citation: “Forêts, bois et taillis.” – Type: France [Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur: Var], Pennafort près Draguignan, Jun. 1830, J.H. Perreymond 28 (lecto-, designated here: K!). – Additional original material: France, Draguignan, J.H. Perreymond s.n. (K!); ibid., 1840, J.H. Perreymond s.n. (P00543785!). – Note: the specimen here designated as lectotype is mounted with the original note of Gay from 1835, where he describes his new species C. provincialis. In a note from 1 Dec. 1853 —also attached to the sheet— announcing a letter to Grenier for the following day, Gay rejects his species as a youthful folly (“péché de ma jeunesse”). Nevertheless, Grenier took up the name and published is as a variety in his Flore de France.

C. betulus var. obtusifolia G.Kirchn., Arboretum Muscaviense: 667 (Petzold & Kirchner 1864). – C. betulus f. obtusifolia (G.Kirchn.) H.J.P.Winkl., Das Pflanzenreich IV 61 (Heft 19): 30 (Winkler 1904). – Original citation: No detailed data given. – Type: not localized. – Note: Petzold & Kirchner accepted their term “Spielart” in the sense of “varietas” as only rank below the species (1864: 41). Although they discuss other rank-denoting terms, such as “Unter-Art” (subspecies) and “Form” (forma) as being widely used, they only accept “Spielarten”. Hence, names below the species rank in Petzold & Kirchner (1864) are to be treated as varieties.

C. subcordifolia Schur, Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae: 611 (Schur 1866). – Original citation: “In Wäldern der Kalkgebirge: auf dem Ecsem-Teteje bei Sz. – Domokos; auf dem Kereszthegy bei Remete. Jul.” – Type: not localized. – Note: this name is missing in all relevant treatments and current databases surveyed.

C. nervata Dulac, Flore du Département des Hautes-Pyrénées: 141 (Dulac 1867). – Type: France, Hautes-Pyrénées, Lascazères, J.J. Corbin s.n. (syn-: BBF?); ibid., Saint-Sever-de-Rustan, J.J. Corbin s.n. (syn-: BBF?).

C. ulmifolia St. -Lag., Études des Fleurs ed. 8, 2: 742 (Cariot 1889) nom. illegit. superfl. – Note: Saint-Lager proposed this name to replace C. betulus L.

C. betulus var. haynaldiana Borbás, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 39 (6): 234 (Braun 1889). – Original citation: “Im Auwinkel [Zugliget] bei Ofen [Buda].” – Type: Hungary [Közép- Magyarország], in silvaticis ad Zugliget (Auwinkel) Budae-Pestini, 15 Jul. 1888, V. de Borbás s.n. (syn-: BM!); ibid., 27 Jul. 1888, V. de Borbás s.n. (syn-: E!). – Note: this name is missing in all relevant treatments and current databases surveyed.

C. betulus [unranked] serrata Beck, Flora von Nieder-Österreich: 266 (Beck von Mannagetta 1890). – C. betulus var. serrata (Beck) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 140 (Schneider 1904). – C. betulus subsp. serrata (Beck) O.Schwarz, Mitteilungen der Thüringischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 1: 96 (Schwarz 1949). – C. betulus f. serrata (Beck) Georgescu, Flora Republicii Populare Române 1: 195 (Săvulescu 1952). – Original citation: No detailed data given. – Type: not localized.

C. betulus var. typica Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie: 193 (Koehne 1893) nom. inval. [Art. 24.3; McNeill et al. (2012)].

C. betulus var. angustifolia Błocki ex Zapał., Conspectus Florae Galiciae Criticus 2: 9 (Zapałowicz 1908). – Original citation: “Lesienice pod Lwowem (Błocki), Strzyżów w Jasielskiem (Holzer).” – Type: [Ukraine, Lviv] Lesienice bei Lemberg, 1886, B. Błocki s.n. (syn-: not localized; isosyn-: B!, P06747360!, P06747390!, P06809764!, W1985–5965!); [Poland, Województwo podkarpackie] Jasielski, Strzyżów, Holzer s.n. (syn-: not localized).

C. betulus [unranked] angustifolia Medw., Vestnik Tiflisskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 14: 26 (Medwedew 1909) nom. illegit. (later homonym). – C. betulus var. angustifolia (Medw.) Radde-Fom., Trudy fizychno-matematychnogo viddilu. Kiev [Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques de l’Académie des Sciences de l’Ukraine] 15 (1): 80 (Radde-Fomina 1929) nom. illegit. (later homonym). – C. betulus f. angustifolia (Medw.) Radde-Fom., Trudy fizychnomatematychnogo viddilu. Kiev [Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques de l’Académie des Sciences de l’Ukraine] 15 (1): 80 (Radde-Fomina 1929) nom. inval. pro syn. – Original citation: “найдена въ верхней Аджаріи (ущ. р. Аджарисъ-цкали въ Батумской обл.) ло ГодерЗскаго перевала и За нимъ (въ бассейнѣ Куры, Масальскій, герб. Спб. Бот. Сада) а также въ Терской области на хр. Салатау, между с. Чиркей и Хонцагой, на высотѣ 3000’ (Алекс., герб. Ак. Н.)” [Found in Upper Adsharia (Acharis-Tskali river in Batumi province), at Goderdzi Pass and beyond (in Kura basin; Massalsky, Herb. of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden). In Terek region, in Salatau between Czirkei and Honzagoi, alt. 3000’ (Alexeenko, Herb. of the Academy).]. – Type: not localized. – Note: Medwedew differentiated three forms of C. betulus in the Caucasus, but published his C. betulus [unranked] angustifolia explicitly as “var. nov.” Nowadays, the use of the two different ranks in a non-successive order is to be interpreted as unranked (Art. 37.8; McNeill et al. 2012). Radde-Fomina (1929: 80) accepted Medwedew’s informal use of “form” and cited Medwedew’s name in the rank forma and gave it the rank as variety afterward, while citing Medwedew’s form in the synonymy. Irrespective of this, Medwedew’s and Radde-Fomina’s names are illegitimate due to the priority of Zapałowicz’s name from 1908.

C. betulus var. acuminata K.Reinecke, Mitteilungen des Thüringischen Botanischen Vereins 28: 41 (Reinecke 1911). – Original citation: “Im Glacis der Cyriaksburg b. E. [Erfurt, Germany].” – Type: not localized.

C. betulus var. parva Radde-Fom., Trudy fizychno-matematychnogo viddilu. Kiev [Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques de l’Académie des Sciences de l’Ukraine] 15 (1): 55, tab. VI f, g, e (Radde-Fomina 1929). – Original citation: “ Dagestan, Agan-Kale prope Temirchan-Schura [former name of Buynaksk] 2. X. 1916. Budaev [s.n.]!”. – Type: not localized.

C. betulus f. subacuta Domin, Flora Čechoslovenica Exsiccata no. 245 (1931) in sched. – Type: Czech Republic, Bohemia centralis, gregarie in valle Radotinské údoli prope urbem Praha, solo calcareo, altitudine circa 250 m a.s.l., 10 Aug. 1931, K. Domin and M. Deyl s.n. (holo-: not localized; iso-: B10 0752246!, B!, B!, K!, MSB-114979!). – Note: this name is effectively published on specimen labels accompanying the types (Art. 30.7; McNeill et al. 2012).

C. betulus var. tuzsoni Kárp., Botanikai Közlemények 34: 195 (Kárpáti 1937). – Original citation: “Während einer Excursion unter der Leitung des Herrn Prof. Dr. J. v. Tuzson machten wir am Jánoshegy bei Budapest […].”. – Type: not localized. – Note: this is a variety with fissured bark.

C. caucasica Grossh., Izvestiya Azerbaidzhanskogo Filiala [Akademii Nauk SSSR] 1940 (5): 34 (Grossheim 1940). – Type: [Russia] Sala-tau, Czirkei × Honzagoi, ± 3000 ft, 28 Jul. 1897, T. Alexeenko s.n. (holo-: LE). – Note: the holotype might be the same specimen as the one cited as syntype of C. betulus [unranked] angustifolia Medw.