Gravitational Lensing Section - Book: "Philosophy Unscrambles Dark Matter"

After explaining the basic idea of gravitational lensing, first it is shown that various potential causes of such lensing were simply ignored by the official theory. The main argument of this section is however based on section II.I.II of the book according to which all the official distances of galaxies are understated. Since galaxies are actually located at greater distances, so actual mass is greater than official estimates and angle of deflection is also greater. It is concluded that gravitational lensing does not serve as proof for the existence of dark matter.