Published March 21, 2020 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Susceptibilidad a meticilina y vancomicina en Staphylococcus aureus aislados de hemocultivos

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Bioanálisis. Departamento de Microbiología. Cátedra de Bacteriología General. Maracaibo-Zulia. Venezuela.
  • 2. Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Bioanálisis. Departamento de Microbiología. Cátedra de Práctica Profesional de Bacteriología. Maracaibo-Zulia. Venezuela. Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo. Centro de Referencia Bacteriológica. Maracaibo-Zulia. Venezuela.
  • 3. Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Medicina. Maracaibo-Zulia. Venezuela.

Description

Para determinar la susceptibilidad a meticilina y vancomicina en cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas de hemocultivos, se analizaron los registros de pacientes ingresados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo durante el período enero 2011-diciembre 2015. Se procesaron 35.341 hemocultivos; 5.072 (14,35%) fueron positivos; en 455 (8,97%) se aislaron 96 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus (21,09%), de las cuales, 78 (81,25%) fueron resistentes y 18 (18,75%), sensibles a meticilina. Todos los aislados resultaron sensibles a vancomicina. El 61,45% de las cepas expresó multirresistencia. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la frecuencia de aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus por año, edad y sexo del paciente (p > 0,05); pero si según el tipo de unidad y la presencia de co-resistencia antimicrobiana (p < 0,05). Los elevados niveles de resistencia a meticilina y la evidencia de fenotipos sensibles a vancomicina con valores elevados de concentración inhibitoria mínima (> 1 μg/ml), demandan la vigilancia sistemática del patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a fin de guiar a los clínicos para elegir la terapia empírica adecuada, contribuyendo al reforzamiento continuo de las precauciones estándar y al establecimiento de las políticas locales de administración y regulación del uso de antimicrobianos.

Files

2477-9628-km-48-01-e48128122019.pdf

Files (2.4 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:1ed2de1c2014d23736155cbc87ae8465
602.1 kB Preview Download
md5:1f8b1cb34277e089ba25140d66a79b6b
70.9 kB Download
md5:856605a4fb90298cc649766fe6152d30
460.0 kB Download
md5:62daa0ebc9e4d1c878e5fa3299669de0
566.2 kB Download
md5:e06d38ef97025c6ae77f27506593fcbe
107.8 kB Download
md5:472d08f4a19b5d8260ff559a3c995746
545.7 kB Download

Additional details

References

  • Hassoun A, Linden PK, Friedman B. Incidence, prevalence, and management of MRSA bacteremia across patient populations a review of recent developments in MRSA management and treatment. Crit Care [Internet]. 2017;21(1):211. Disponible en: https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-017-1801-3 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1801-3 PMID 28807042 PMCID PMC5557425 Google Académico
  • Bassetti M, Peghin M, Trecarichi EM, Carnelutti A, Righi E, Del Giacomo P, et al. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia and Predictors of Early and Late Mortality. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017;12(2):e0170236. Disponible en: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170236 PMID 28152067 PMCID PMC5289427 Google Académico
  • Perovic O, Iyaloo S, Kularatne R, Lowman W, Bosman N, Wadula J, et al. Prevalence and Trends of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia in Hospitalized Patients in South Africa, 2010 to 2012: Laboratory-Based Surveillance Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology. PLoS One [Internet]. 2016;10(12):e0145429. Disponible en: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145429 PMID 26719975 PMCID PMC4697812 Google Académico
  • Kim HJ, Choi Q, Kwon GC, Koo SH. Molecular epidemiology and virulence factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with bacteremia. J Clin Lab Anal [Internet]. 2019;n/a(n/a):e23077. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jcla.23077 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23077 PMID 31721291 Google Académico
  • Rodríguez-Pineda J, Terrazas-Estrada JJ, Urdez-Hernández E, Hernández-Sánchez EA, Sánchez-Tejeda SL. Resistencia a meticilina y susceptibilidad a vancomicina de Staphylococcus aureus aislados de sangre. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2016;54(1):48–51. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26820198/ PMID 26820198 Google Académico
  • Amberpet R, Sistla S, Sugumar M, Nagasundaram N, Manoharan M, Parija S. Detection of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus: A preliminary report from south India. Indian J Med Res [Internet]. 2019;150(2):194–8. Disponible en: http://www.ijmr.org.in/article.asp?issn=0971-5916;year=2019;volume=150;issue=2;spage=194;epage=198;aulast=Amberpet DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1976_17 PMID 31670275 PMCID PMC6829776 Google Académico
  • Lewis PO, Heil EL, Covert KL, Cluck DB. Treatment strategies for persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Clin Pharm Ther [Internet]. 2018;43(5):614–25. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcpt.12743 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12743 PMID 30003555 Google Académico
  • Alfouzan W, Udo EE, Modhaffer A, Alosaimi A. Molecular Characterization of Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care hospital in Kuwait. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2019;9(1):18527. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-54794-8 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54794-8 PMID 31811246 PMCID PMC6898362 Google Académico
  • Alfouzan W, Dhar R, Udo E. Genetic Lineages of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Acquired during Admission to an Intensive Care Unit of a General Hospital. Med Princ Pract [Internet]. 2017;26(2):113–7. Disponible en: https://www.karger.com/DOI/10.1159/000453268 DOI: 10.1159/000453268 PMID 27829243 PMCID PMC5588361 Google Académico
  • Turner NA, Moehring R, Sarubbi C, Wrenn RH, Drew RH, Cunningham CK, et al. Influence of Reported Penicillin Allergy on Mortality in MSSA Bacteremia. Open Forum Infect Dis [Internet]. 2018;5(3). Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/5/3/ofy042/4870002 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy042 PMID 29594180 PMCID PMC5861429 Google Académico
  • De Rosa FG, Corcione S, Motta I, Petrolo A, Filippini C, Pagani N, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection. J Chemother [Internet]. 2016;28(3):187–90. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/1973947815Y.0000000076 DOI: 10.1179/1973947815Y.0000000076 PMID 26431371 Google Académico
  • Braquet P, Alla F, Cornu C, Goehringer F, Piroth L, Chirouze C, et al. Factors associated with 12 week case-fatality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet]. 2016;22(11):948.e1-948.e7. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(16)30291-9/fulltext DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.034 PMID 27515395 Google Académico
  • Wong D, Wong T, Romney M, Leung V. Comparative effectiveness of β-lactam versus vancomycin empiric therapy in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob [Internet]. 2016;15(1):27. Disponible en: https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0143-3 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-016-0143-3 PMID 27112143 PMCID PMC4845304 Google Académico
  • Kang CK, Kwak YG, Park Y, Song K-H, Kim ES, Jung S-I, et al. Gender affects prognosis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia differently depending on the severity of underlying disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2018;37(6):1119–23. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10096-018-3226-6 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3226-6 PMID 29667110 Google Académico
  • Katsarou I, Paraskevopoulou NM, Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Giormezis N, Militsopoulou M, Kolonitsiou F, et al. Fatality of Staphylococcus aureus infections in a Greek university hospital: role of inappropriate empiric treatment, methicillin resistance, and toxin genes' presence. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020;39(3):443–50. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10096-019-03742-5 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03742-5 PMID 31734796 Google Académico
  • San-Juan R, Pérez-Montarelo D, Viedma E, Lalueza A, Fortún J, Loza E, et al. Pathogen-related factors affecting outcome of catheter-related bacteremia due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in a Spanish multicenter study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2017;36(10):1757–65. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10096-017-2989-5 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2989-5 PMID 28477236 Google Académico
  • Recker M, Laabei M, Toleman MS, Reuter S, Saunderson RB, Blane B, et al. Clonal differences in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia-associated mortality. Nat Microbiol [Internet]. 2017;2(10):1381–8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-017-0001-x DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0001-x PMID 28785103 Google Académico
  • Jokinen E, Lindholm L, Huttunen R, Huhtala H, Vuento R, Vuopio J, et al. Spa type distribution in MRSA and MSSA bacteremias and association of spa clonal complexes with the clinical characteristics of bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2018;37(5):937–43. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-3210-1 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3210-1 PMID 29428976 Google Académico
  • Smit J, Rieg SR, Wendel AF, Kern W V, Seifert H, Schønheyder HC, et al. Onset of symptoms, diagnostic confirmation, and occurrence of multiple infective foci in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a look into the order of events and potential clinical implications. Infection [Internet]. 2018;46(5):651–8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1165-x DOI: 10.1007/s15010-018-1165-x PMID 29949090 Google Académico
  • García-Perdomo HA, Toro Maldonado JF. Interventions to treat methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: many methodological concerns. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2019;19(1):892. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4520-3 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4520-3 PMID 31653196 PMCID PMC6815029 Google Académico
  • Daneman N, Rishu AH, Pinto R, Aslanian P, Bagshaw SM, Carignan A, et al. 7 versus 14 days of antibiotic treatment for critically ill patients with bloodstream infection: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Trials [Internet]. 2018;19(1):111. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2474-1 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2474-1 PMID 29452598 PMCID PMC5816399 Google Académico
  • Hernández R, Fernández C, Baptista P. Metodología de la investigación. 6th ed. Mexico DF. Mexico: McGraw-Hill/Interamericana Editores, S.A. de C.V; 2014. p. 634.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 28th ed. CLSI. 28th ed. Wayne PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018. 296 p.
  • Asociación Médica Mundial. Declaración de Helsinki de la AMM – Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos [Internet]. 5 de mayo del 2015. 2019 [citado 2020 Feb 15]. p. 1–3. Disponible en: https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
  • Ergül AB, Işık H, Ay Altıntop Y, Altuner Torun Y. A retrospective evaluation of blood cultures in a pediatric intensive care unit: A three year evaluation. Turk Pediatr Ars [Internet]. 2017;52(3):154–61. Disponible en: https://www.journalagent.com/tpa/pdfs/TPA_52_3_154_161.pdf DOI: 10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2017.5451 PMID 29062249 PMCID PMC5644582 Google Académico
  • Arias CA, Reyes J, Carvajal LP, Rincon S, Diaz L, Panesso D, et al. A Prospective Cohort Multicenter Study of Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogenomics of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Nine Latin American Countries. Antimicrob Agents Chemother [Internet]. 2017;61(10):e00816-17. Disponible en: http://aac.asm.org/content/61/10/e00816-17.abstract DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00816-17 PMID 28760895 PMCID PMC5610503 Google Académico
  • Saglam D, Ercal BD, Yagmur G, Hormet Oz HT, Akin MA, Berk E. Distribution of microorganisms isolated from blood cultures collected from the neonatal intensive care units of Kayseri Training and Research Hospital. Abant Med J [Internet]. 2015;4(3):255–60. Disponible en: http://www.abantmedj.com/eng/jvi.aspx?un=ABANT-43650 DOI: 10.5505/abantmedj.2015.43650 Google Académico
  • Qadeer A, Akhtar A, Ain QU, Saadat S, Mansoor S, Assad S, et al. Antibiogram of Medical Intensive Care Unit at Tertiary Care Hospital Setting of Pakistan. Cureus [Internet]. 2016;8(9):e809–e809. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27800290 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.809 PMID 27800290 PMCID PMC5085829 Google Académico
  • Dharmapalan D, Shet A, Yewale V, Sharland M. High Reported Rates of Antimicrobial Resistance in Indian Neonatal and Pediatric Blood Stream Infections. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc [Internet]. 2017;6(3):e62–8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw092 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw092 PMID 28339675 Google Académico
  • Moolchandani K, Sastry AS, Deepashree R, Sistla S, Harish BN, Mandal J. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance among Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India. J Clin Diagn Res [Internet]. 2017 Feb;11(2):DC01–7. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28384858 DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/23717.9247 PMID 28384858 PMCID PMC5376822 Google Académico
  • Cobos-Carrascosa E, Soler-Palacín P, Nieves Larrosa M, Bartolomé R, Martín-Nalda A, Antoinette Frick M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Children: Changes During Eighteen Years. Pediatr Infect Dis J [Internet]. 2015;34(12):1329–34. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Fulltext/2015/12000/Staphylococcus_aureus_Bacteremia_in_Children_.11.aspx DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000907 PMID 26780021 Google Académico
  • Castillo JS, Leal AL, Cortes JA, Alvarez CA, Sanchez R, Buitrago G, et al. Mortality among critically ill patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a multicenter cohort study in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2012 Nov;32(5):343–50. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23338691 DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892012001100004 PMID 23338691 Google Académico
  • Mejer N, Westh H, Schønheyder HC, Jensen AG, Larsen AR, Skov R, et al. Stable incidence and continued improvement in short term mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia between 1995 and 2008. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2012;12(1):260. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-260 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-260 PMID 23075215 PMCID PMC3507819 Google Académico
  • Freeman JT, Blakiston MR, Anderson DJ. Hospital-Onset MRSA Bacteremia Rates Are Significantly Correlated with Sociodemographic Factors: A Step Toward Risk Adjustment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2018;39(4):479–81. Disponible en: https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hospitalonset-mrsa-bacteremia-rates-are-significantly-correlated-with-sociodemographic-factors-a-step-toward-risk-adjustment/412C2B0243EAA0034C6A82D3D1D7D068 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.12 PMID 29457569 Google Académico
  • Crichton H, Connell N, Rabie H, Whitelaw A, Dramowski A. Neonatal and paediatric bloodstream infections: Pathogens, antimicrobial resistance patterns and prescribing practice at Khayelitsha District Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. South African Med J [Internet]. 2018;108(2):99–104. Disponible en: http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/12195 DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2017.v108i2.12601 PMID 29429440 Google Académico
  • Cuny C, Layer F, Werner G, Harmsen D, Daniels-Haardt I, Jurke A, et al. State-wide surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns and spa types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from blood cultures in North Rhine-Westphalia, 2011–2013. Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet]. 2015;21(8):750–7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.013 PMID 25704447 Google Académico
  • Cugati S, Saikumar C. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Blood Culture in a Teritiary Care Centre. J Med Sci Clin Res [Internet]. 2017;05(04):20842–7. Disponible en: http://jmscr.igmpublication.org/home/index.php/archive/137-volume-05-issue-04-april-2017/2238-prevalence-and-antibiotic-susceptibility-pattern-of-staphylococcus-aureus-isolated-from-blood-culture-in-a-teritiary-care-centre DOI: 10.18535/jmscr/v5i4.178 Google Académico
  • Dekker D, Wolters M, Mertens E, Boahen KG, Krumkamp R, Eibach D, et al. Antibiotic resistance and clonal diversity of invasive Staphylococcus aureus in the rural Ashanti Region, Ghana. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2016;16(1):720. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-2048-3 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2048-3 PMID 27899074 PMCID PMC5129674 Google Académico
  • Hanssen A-M, Ericson Sollid JU. SCCmec in staphylococci: genes on the move. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol [Internet]. 2006;46(1):8–20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2005.00009.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2005.00009.x PMID 16420592 Google Académico
  • Dilnessa T, Bitew A. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2016;16(1):398. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1742-5 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1742-5 PMID 27506613 PMCID PMC4977752 Google Académico
  • Picao R, Sader H, Jones R, Andrade S, Gales A. Analysis of resistance and vancomycin "reverse creep" in Latin American Staphylococcus aureus: ten-year report of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2006). In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, editor. 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Madrird España: Clinical Microbiology and Infection; 2008. p. S121–666. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02007.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02007.x Google Académico
  • McGuinness WA, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Yale J Biol Med [Internet]. 2017;90(2):269–81. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28656013 PMID 28656013 PMCID PMC5482303
  • Khosravi AD, Jenabi A, Montazeri EA. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to aminoglycoside modifying enzymes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Kaohsiung J Med Sci [Internet]. 2017;33(12):587–93. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2017.08.001 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.08.001 PMID 29132547 Google Académico
  • Oyebode ATA, David OO, Kunle PB, Aderayo AA, Adeolu O. Distribution of genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes amongst methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Nigerian hospitals. African J Microbiol Res. 2015;9(5):318–25. DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7300 Google Académico
  • Djuric O, Jovanovic S, Stosovic B, Tosic T, Jovanovic M, Markovic-Denic L. Antimicrobial resistance of selected invasive bacteria in a tertiary care center: results of a prospective surveillance study. J Infect Dev Ctries [Internet]. 2016;10(12):1325–31. Disponible en: https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/28036312 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.7695 PMID 28036312 Google Académico
  • Álvarez-Hernández DA, Garza-Mayén GS, Vázquez-López R. Quinolonas: Perspectivas actuales y mecanismos de resistencia. Rev Chil Infectología [Internet]. 2015;32(5):499–504. Disponible en: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182015000600002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182015000600002 PMID 26633105 Google Académico
  • Janapatla RP, Yan JJ, Huang AH, Chen HM, Wu HM, Wu JJ. Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing bacteremia at a university hospital in southern Taiwan. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2007;58(2):203–9. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889306005244 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.12.016 PMID 17300897 Google Académico
  • Vandendriessche S, De Boeck H, Deplano A, Phoba M-F, Lunguya O, Falay D, et al. Characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bloodstream infections, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2017;36(7):1163–71. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-017-2904-0 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2904-0 PMID 28116552 Google Académico
  • Trzcinski K, Cooper BS, Hryniewicz W, Dowson CG. Expression of resistance to tetracyclines in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2000;45(6):763–70. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/45.6.763 DOI: 10.1093/jac/45.6.763 PMID 10837427 Google Académico
  • Nurjadi D, Olalekan AO, Layer F, Shittu AO, Alabi A, Ghebremedhin B, et al. Emergence of trimethoprim resistance gene dfrG in Staphylococcus aureus causing human infection and colonization in sub-Saharan Africa and its import to Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2014;69(9):2361–8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku174 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku174 PMID 24855123 Google Académico
  • Galar A, Weil AA, Dudzinski DM, Muñoz P, Siedner MJ. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2019;32(2):e00041-18. Disponible en: http://cmr.asm.org/content/32/2/e00041-18.abstract DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00041-18 PMID 30760474 PMCID PMC6431130 Google Académico
  • Sabater Vidal S, Moreno Muñoz R. Bacteriemias por Staphylococcus aureus en el Hospital General de Castellón (2001-2005). Rev Esp Quimioter. 2008;21(4):217–23. Disponible en: https://seq.es/seq/0214-3429/21/4/sabater.pdf PMID 19031122 Google Académico
  • Oteo J, Baquero F, Vindel A, Campos J. Antibiotic resistance in 3113 blood isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in 40 Spanish hospitals participating in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (2000–2002). J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2004;53(6):1033–8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh214 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh214 PMID 15128722 Google Académico
  • Corona A, Bertolini G, Lipman J, Wilson AP, Singer M. Antibiotic use and impact on outcome from bacteraemic critical illness: the BActeraemia Study in Intensive Care (BASIC). J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2010;65(6):1276–85. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq088 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq088 PMID 20335186 Google Académico
  • Sit PS, Teh CSJ, Idris N, Ponnampalavanar S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia: Correlations between clinical, phenotypic, genotypic characteristics and mortality in a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. Infect Genet Evol [Internet]. 2018;59:132–41. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134818300431 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.031 PMID 29421224 Google Académico