Order in the particle zoo

The standard model of particle physics classifies particles into elementary leptons and hadrons composed of quarks. There exists an alternate ordering principle based on a second order differential equation giving a convergent series of particle energies, to be quantized as a function of the fine-structure constant, α, with limits given by the energy values of the electron and the Higgs boson. The series expansion of the energy equation provides quantitative terms for Coulomb, strong and gravitational interaction. The value of α is given by the gamma functions of the integrals for calculating particle energy in a photon and a point charge expression, representing their corresponding symmetries.

The basic terms of the model may be derived directly from the framework of the Einstein field equations and can be expressed without use of free parameters.