EXPLAINING DARK MATTER, DARK ENERGY, PLANET FORMATION AND THE INITIAL MASS FUNCTION OF STARS

The distribution of stellar masses at the birth of stars is called the Initial Mass Function or IMF. Why does the IMF favour the production of low-mass stars? There is a clue in the report that most planetary systems seem to outweigh the protoplanetary disks (PPDs) in which they formed, suggesting there is more to planet formation than the build-up into increasing mass from collisions between the dust particles and rocks in the disk, and leaving astronomers to re-evaluate planet-formation theories. (Manara et al 2018) Science must always be free to question everything: even the long-established idea that mass is the cause of gravity - which, according to General Relativity (Einstein 1915), is the warping and curving of space-time. Exploration of the reverse, that gravity forms mass, sounds absurd to modern science. Yet, it has the potential to explain planet formation and the IMF. This inverse mass-gravity relation uses the well-accepted idea that the universe is described mathematically, being flexible enough to extend that notion and suggest the universe IS maths. It could be produced by binary digits (base-2 maths) and topology, and the gravity that is the warping of space-time could interact with electromagnetism to form the quantum spin of matter particles (½) via vector-tensor-scalar geometry’s photonic spin of 1 being divided by the gravitonic spin of 2. This geometric attempt at understanding gravity may be seen as related to 4 earlier theories of gravity - Mordehai Milgrom’s 1983 Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), its relativistic generalization known as Jacob Bekenstein’s 2004 Tensor–vector–scalar gravity (TeVeS), the TeVeS extension Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity (BSTV) proposed in 2005 by R.H.Sanders, and John Moffat’s 2006 Scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG). This work relates waves to the Complex Number Plane and Wick rotation - different phases rotate from the x-axis to the so-called “imaginary” y-axis where they can produce the extra mass of another large-scale dimension (so-called Dark Matter) as well as the mass’s associated Dark Energy.