For Teaching Perceptual Fluency, Machines Beat Human Experts

In STEM domains, students are expected to acquire domain knowledge from visual representations that they may not yet
be able to interpret. Such learning requires perceptual fluency, or the ability to intuitively and rapidly see the underlying
concepts in visuals and to translate between them. Perceptual fluency is acquired via nonverbal, implicit learning processes.
Thus far, we have lacked a principled approach for identifying a sequence of perceptual fluency problems that promote
robust learning. Here, we describe how a novel machine learning technique can generate an optimal sequence of perceptual
fluency problems. In a human experiment, we show that a machine-generated sequence outperforms both a random sequence
and a sequence generated by a human domain expert. Interestingly, the machine-generated sequence resulted in significantly
lower accuracy during training, but higher posttest accuracy. This suggests that the machine-generated sequence induced desirable difficulties. To our knowledge, our study is the first to show that machine learning can yield desirable difficulties for perceptual learning.