Polygonatum is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, especially in eastern Asia. There has been no comprehensive taxonomic study of Taiwanese taxa for some time, and researchers could not agree on a consistent treatment of the genus. Therefore, we revised the genus by literature review and type specimen examination along with comparison of morphology, karyotype and pollen characteristics. Only one species P. arisanense Hayata was recognized in this study. P. chingshuishanianum Ying and P. formosanum (Hayata) Masamune & Simada are regarded as varieties of P. arisanense and are here presented as two new combinations, P. arisanense var. chingshuishanianum and P. arisanense var. formosanum.