Order in the particle zoo

The standard model classifies particles into elementary leptons and hadrons composed of quarks. In this article the existence of an alternate ordering principle will be demonstrated giving particle energies to be quantized as a function of the fine-structure constant, α. The quantization can be derived using an appropriate wave function that acts as a probability amplitude on the electric field. The value of α can be approximated numerically by the gamma functions of the integrals for calculating particle energy. Limiting cases of the quantized energy series are the Planck energy constituting a source term and the energy of the Higgs boson as maximum energy. The series expansion of the energy equation provides quantitative terms for strong, Coulomb and gravitational interaction.

The model can be expressed “ab initio” without use of free parameters.