A Conceptual Physical Internet Framework for EV Battery Reverse Logistics

The accelerating transition to electromobility generates a surge in end-of-life
lithium-ion batteries, exposing the limitations of fragmented, semi-closed European reverse
logistics networks. Current systems are structurally misaligned with exponential volume
growth and regulatory requirements. Addressing this gap, this paper develops a conceptual
framework for redesigning European battery reverse logistics through Physical Internet (PI)
principles. Rather than simple transport optimization, the study proposes a multi-layered
ecosystem: physical modularization via safety-compliant containers, network-level federated
interconnectivity, and digital orchestration via the Digital Product Passport. This
transformation shifts reverse networks from linear chains to open, interoperable, and digitally
governed ecosystems. By embedding modular standards and distributed governance into
network design, this framework reframes reverse logistics as a structurally central component
of circular industrial systems. The proposed architecture provides a necessary evolution to
ensure the scalability, resilience, and sustainability of Europe’s EV battery recovery systems,
facilitating a truly integrated circular value chain.