Cosmic History and Matter Generation in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Consistency with Standard Cosmology, and the Sufficiently Large D at Primordial Galaxy Formation

We show that in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics (NED), if matter generation occurs after

the formation of Planck particles, at D ≳

√

Dnow, the theory is consistent with standard

cosmology and observations. The key time scales are:

t(MH) ≈ 2.2×10−43 s (hydrogen mass), t(

√

Dnow) ≈ 3.8×10−29 s, t(Mp) ≈ 4.7×10−29 s.

These correspond to the Planck era and the post-inflation era, respectively, and matter

generation after t(Mp) is well before Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN, ∼ 1 s) and the cosmic

microwave background (CMB, ∼ 3.8 × 105 years). Thus NED does not interfere with the

successful predictions of standard cosmology.

We also estimate the coupling parameter D at primordial galaxy formation (t ∼ 7 × 108

years):

Dgal ≈ 6.8 × 10119

.

This is about 2% of Dnow, but is sufficiently large to allow complex structure formation.

Therefore, the environment for galaxy formation was already in place at that time.