Cosmic History from the Big Bang to the Present in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Energy Body, Rapid Expansion, Mass Generation, Deceleration, and Planck Particle Formation

We present a unified cosmic history in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics (NED), from the Big

Bang to the present. The universe starts at t = 0 with R = 2ℓp and mass M0 ≈ 5.6×10−69 kg,

whose rest energy is M0c

2 ≈ 5.0 × 10−52 J, comparable to the universal energy unit µ. The

universe is initially an energy body with energy µ. Self-repulsion F0 = 7Mpc

2/(2ℓp) drives

a brief, extremely energetic acceleration:

a(0) ≈ 1.5 × 10113 m/s

2

, ta=0 ≈ 1.68 × 10−74 s, R˙(ta=0) ≈ 4.3 × 1030c.

As the universe expands, the coupling parameter D increases, and the mass increases as

M ∝ R2

. When mass generation becomes dominant, F0 = M′R˙

, the acceleration becomes

zero, and the universe transitions to decelerating expansion. At D =

√

Dnow, the mass

reaches the Planck mass:

M = Mp at R ≈ 6.4 × 10−5 m, t ≈ 4.7 × 10−29 s.

This is the beginning of Planck particle formation, in the early radiation era. We present a

table of R, M, and D at each stage: Big Bang, reheating, Planck particle formation, and

the present.