ADVANCES IN BATTERY-SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Abstract

Battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (BS-HESSs) have emerged as promising solutions for improving energy storage performance, battery durability and power management in modern energy applications. The increasing use of renewable energy sources and the growing demand for reliable electricity have highlighted the need for storage technologies that can provide both high energy density and rapid power delivery. The present review examines the design strategies, materials, configurations, performance characteristics, economic aspects and future prospects of BS-HESSs. Different integration approaches, including passive, semi-active, converter-controlled, switched and material-level configurations, are discussed in terms of their operational benefits and limitations. Particular attention is given to energy management and control strategies that regulate power sharing between batteries and supercapacitors, reduce battery current peaks and improve system efficiency and service life. Literature demonstrates improvements in fuel economy, battery durability and capacity-fade costs under specific operating conditions. However, the benefits depend on system configuration, component sizing, operating temperature, load profiles and control methods. High initial costs, thermal management requirements, component ageing, system integration and long-term reliability remain important challenges.

Keywords: Battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system; electrochemical energy storage; economic; configuration.