A Literature Review on Three-Dimensional Foam/Puff Printing of Flax and Hemp Textiles with Natural Pigments and CHT Printing Systems

Due to the growing demand for sustainable textile technologies, this study investigates the potential of three-dimensional foam/puff printing on ecological textile substrates using CHT printing pastes (Tubiscreen and Print Perfect) combined with natural pigments. Based exclusively on a comprehensive literature review and conceptual analysis, the research identifies suitable formulations and processing conditions for cellulosic fibers, particularly flax and hemp. The analysis focuses on thermal expansion mechanisms, polymer-binder stabilization, processing temperature and activation time, and paste–substrate interactions. Findings from the literature indicate that natural pigments represent a promising pathway toward more sustainable three-dimensional textile printing, however, their application remains constrained by limited color stability, pigment–polymer incompatibility, and insufficient process reproducibility. Moreover, the structural characteristics of natural fibers can significantly affect adhesion, surface uniformity, and volumetric stability. The findings emphasize the critical importance of systematically optimizing formulation composition and processing parameters through experimental investigation to ensure reproducibility, durability, and scalability for potential industrial scalable outcomes.