Published October 30, 2026 | Version v1

MALARIA GRAVE FATAL POR PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM EN CIRROSIS HEPÁTICA: REPORTE DE CASO CON ANÁLISIS FISIOPATOLÓGICO

  • 1. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Libre. Cali, Colombia
  • 2. Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
  • 3. Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana. Neiva, Huila, Colombia
  • 4. Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales, Colombia
  • 5. ROR icon Hospital Universitario Infantil San José

Description

Tipo de artículo: Caso clínico

Antecedentes: La malaria grave por Plasmodium falciparum puede superar el 20% de mortalidad aun en UCI especializadas. La cirrosis hepática, mediante la disfunción inmune asociada a cirrosis (DIAC), induce un estado de inmunodisregulación que incrementa la susceptibilidad a infecciones y puede modificar su evolución clínica. No obstante, la coexistencia de ambas entidades ha sido escasamente documentada en la literatura.

Presentación del caso: Hombre de 53 años con cirrosis hepática alcohólica que consultó por un cuadro de cinco días de fiebre, vómitos, dolor en hipocondrio derecho y deterioro del estado de conciencia tras un viaje reciente al Pacífico caucano. Al ingreso presentaba Glasgow 12/15 (West-Haven II), parasitemia del 60% por P. falciparum (≈1,9 × 10⁶ parásitos/µL), bilirrubina total de 15,2 mg/dL, albúmina sérica de 2,8 g/dL, trombocitopenia grave (32 × 10⁹/L) y lesión renal aguda (creatinina 2,3 mg/dL); Child-Pugh C (10 puntos) y MELD 27. Cumplía cinco criterios de la OMS para malaria grave al ingreso. A pesar del tratamiento oportuno con artesunato intravenoso y soporte intensivo, desarrolló falla multiorgánica progresiva y falleció.

Conclusiones: La cirrosis hepática puede potenciar la gravedad de la malaria por P. falciparum mediante alteraciones inmunológicas y hemostáticas propias de la DIAC, la disfunción de las células de Kupffer, el hiperesplenismo secundario a hipertensión portal, la deficiencia del complemento y la coagulopatía. En este contexto, la evolución clínica fue compatible con un fallo hepático agudo sobre crónico (ACLF) precipitado por la infección, lo que resalta la necesidad de mantener un alto índice de sospecha diagnóstica y de desarrollar estrategias de manejo específicas para pacientes con cirrosis expuestos a zonas endémicas.

Abstract (English)

Article type: Clinical case

Background: Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria can exceed 20% mortality even in specialized ICUs. Liver cirrhosis, through cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID), induces a state of immune dysregulation that increases susceptibility to infection and may alter its clinical course. However, the coexistence of both entities has been scarcely documented in the literature.

Case presentation: A 53-year-old male with alcoholic liver cirrhosis presented with a five-day history of fever, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, and impaired consciousness following recent travel to the Cauca Pacific region. On admission he had GCS 12/15 (West-Haven II), 60% P. falciparum parasitemia (≈1,9 × 10⁶ parasites/µL), total bilirubin 15,2 mg/dL, serum albumin 2,8 g/dL, severe thrombocytopenia (32 × 10⁹/L), and acute kidney injury (creatinine 2,3 mg/dL); Child-Pugh C (10 points) and MELD 27. He met five WHO criteria for severe malaria at admission. Despite prompt treatment with intravenous artesunate and intensive support, he developed progressive multiorgan failure and died.

Conclusions: Liver cirrhosis may potentiate the severity of P. falciparum malaria through immunological and hemostatic alterations characteristic of CAID, Kupffer cell dysfunction, portal hypertension-related hypersplenism, complement deficiency, and coagulopathy. In this context, the clinical course was compatible with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) precipitated by the infection, underscoring the need for a high index of diagnostic suspicion and for developing specific management strategies for cirrhotic patients exposed to endemic areas.

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Additional details

Additional titles

Translated title (English)
FATAL SEVERE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS: A CASE REPORT WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Dates

Collected
2026-07-09
manuscrito recibido
Accepted
2026-08-23
evaluación doble ciego
Available
2026-10-30
publicación en numero de la revista

Software

Repository URL
https://revistacientificasanum.com/
Development Status
Active

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