Nanomaterials and their Applications in Energy and Environment: A Comprehensive Review

Nanomaterials have emerged as promising materials for addressing major challenges in energy production, storage, environmental protection, and sustainable development. Their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, tunable optical, electrical, thermal, and catalytic characteristics, enable improved performance in a wide range of applications. This review highlights recent advances in nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage, including solar cells, batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and hydrogen production. It also examines their environmental applications in wastewater treatment, air-pollution control, pollutant degradation, environmental sensing, and carbon capture. The review discusses the advantages, limitations, environmental risks, and future prospects of nanomaterial-based technologies, emphasizing their potential contribution to clean energy and sustainable environmental management.