APPLICATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

The transition toward sustainable engineering systems increasingly depends on the integration of renewable energy technologies into industrial, urban, transportation, and infrastructure sectors. Solar photovoltaic systems, wind energy, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and hybrid renewable-energy configurations provide opportunities to reduce dependence on fossil fuels while improving energy security and environmental sustainability. The aim of this study was to analyze the technological role of renewable energy sources in sustainable engineering systems and evaluate their major advantages, limitations, and integration strategies. A literature-based analytical approach was used to examine renewable power generation, energy storage, smart-grid technologies, hybrid systems, energy efficiency, and digital energy management. The analysis indicates that renewable-energy technologies can significantly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and primary fossil-energy consumption when appropriately integrated with energy-storage systems, intelligent control, and demand-side management. Solar and wind technologies are particularly important because of their modularity and rapidly expanding applications. However, their variability creates challenges for grid stability and continuous energy supply. Energy storage, hybrid generation, smart grids, predictive control, and sector coupling can reduce these limitations. Sustainable engineering therefore requires an integrated approach combining renewable generation with energy efficiency, digital monitoring, storage, and reliable infrastructure.