Published July 30, 2026 | Version CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
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Cyber-Physical Systems in Healthcare: Design, Interoperability and Security Challenges

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Anchor University, Ayobo, Ipaja, Lagos, Nigeria.

Contributors

  • 1. Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance, School of Business, La Sierra University, Riverside, United States.
  • 2. Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Anchor University, Ayobo, Ipaja, Lagos, Nigeria.
  • 3. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Wukari, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria.
  • 4. Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.

Description

Abstract: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), a combination of embedded computing, communication networks, and physical processes, are increasingly reshaping clinical practice, pharmaceutical supply chains, and hospital infrastructure. This review covers key principles of Medical CPS design; major interoperability frameworks such as FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources), IEEE 11073, and DICOM; and critical cybersecurity risks that threaten patient safety and data integrity, including ransomware, man-in-the-middle, denial-ofservice, and data injection attacks. A review of the literature from 2020 to the present (2025) shows that architectural fragmentation has continued, that there is a lack of harmonised security-bydesign standards, and that there is a lack of regulatory guidance on real-time MCPS deployments. Some promising mitigation strategies, such as blockchain-based trust frameworks, AIpowered intrusion detection, and digital twin validation, are introduced. The paper's conclusion recommends a research agenda for interoperability protocols, context-aware security models, and international regulatory convergence as essential factors for implementing safe and scalable MCPS.

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Additional details

Identifiers

DOI
10.54105/ijpmh.E1161.06050726
EISSN
2582-7588

Dates

Accepted
2026-07-15
Manuscript received on 12 June 2026 | First Revised Manuscript received on 23 June 2026 | Second Revised Manuscript received on 28 June 2026 | Manuscript Accepted on 15 July 2026 | Manuscript published on 30 July 2026.

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