Perspective review of friction reducers as additives in water-based fracturing fluids

Hydraulic fracturing requires high-viscosity fluids to create high-width fractures and ensure proppant transport. However, this increases frictional pressure, which can risk formation damage and increase expenses. Friction-reducing additives, such as polymers, are essential for efficient fracturing operations by improving fluid properties and lowering friction. This study investigates the mechanisms of polymers and surfactants as friction reducers (FRs), addressing key factors such as thermal, mechanical, and salinity challenges. The methodology for evaluating drag reduction (DR) is also discussed to provide a systematic framework for assessing the performance of different friction reducers. Additionally, multiple case studies have been analyzed, demonstrating the successful implementation of targeted friction reducers in overcoming complex reservoir challenges. This research assists in selecting friction reducers based on reservoir conditions by collecting performance parameters such as efficiency, thermal stability, salinity resistance, mechanical degradation, environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, fast dissolving, low formation damage, and appropriate viscosity. The results show that synthetic polymers, such as PAM and HAWSP, outperform natural alternatives like XG and GG in high-temperature and saline environments. Enhanced by carboxyl, sulfonate, and hydrophobic groups, these synthetic options provide superior drag reduction rates and thermal resistance. Additionally, nano-enhanced polymers demonstrate remarkable mechanical stability, making them ideal for harsh reservoir conditions. Additionally, this work offers important insights for future friction reduction research, including synthesis and improvement, by finding functional groups that increase fracturing fluid performance characteristics.