D5c.1 Best practices for hydrogen emission measurements reporting

Hydrogen (H₂) fugitive emission measurements are generally performed for two main reasons: (i) to support assessment and reduction of potential climate impacts (hydrogen as an indirect greenhouse gas) and (ii) to support safety by identifying and addressing leakages that could otherwise lead to hazardous situations.

The primary objective of this study is to support grid operators in preparing for upcoming EU obligations related to hydrogen emissions and to clarify how emissions can be measured and reported in a consistent way. A secondary benefit is that the same measurement activities used for emissions management can also help operators detect leaks earlier, thereby supporting safe operations. This report does not assess ignition probability, consequences, or wider occupational/process safety management of hydrogen leakages.

In the first chapter, the report outlines the developments in regulatory frameworks governing hydrogen emissions, emphasizing the evolving standards required for detection and measurement of devices. It discusses the harmonization of upcoming standards with Regulation (EU) 2024/1787 and details procedures for measuring and reporting emissions. It also highlights the importance of clear regulations and standardized practices to ensure accurate monitoring and compliance within the hydrogen industry.

A review on the various methods for detecting and quantifying hydrogen leaks and emissions at both the component and site level is done in the following chapter. It covers technologies such as sniffers, acoustic cameras, optical gas imaging, direct and indirect quantification techniques, tracer methods, mobile analyzer systems, and stationary sensor networks. It also provides a comprehensive overview of practical approaches to surveillance and measurement, emphasizing the need for robust and scalable solutions to address different operational environments.

The last chapter focuses on recent technological advancements in hydrogen emission detection and quantification. The information was gathered through interviews with various companies and institutions. It profiles state-of-the-art equipment, including acoustic cameras, sniffers, high-flow samplers, and mobile analyzer systems developed by leading institutions and industry partners. The chapter highlights collaborative projects and innovative solutions that are shaping the future of hydrogen emission monitoring, aiming to improve accuracy, efficiency, and reliability across the sector.