Emerging Green Technologies and Renewable Energy Systems: Innovations Driving the Global Energy Transition

Abstract

The global energy landscape is experiencing a transformative shift toward sustainable and low-carbon energy systems in response to growing concerns regarding climate change, environmental degradation, and energy security. Emerging green technologies and renewable energy systems have become central to this transition by providing cleaner alternatives to fossil-fuel-based energy generation. Technological innovations in solar photovoltaics, wind energy, green hydrogen, advanced energy storage, smart grids, bioenergy, carbon capture, and digital energy management are reshaping the future of global energy infrastructure. This review critically examines recent developments in renewable energy technologies and evaluates their contributions to decarbonization and sustainable development. The study further investigates technological challenges, economic barriers, policy frameworks, and future opportunities associated with renewable energy integration. Findings indicate that the convergence of digitalization, energy storage, and renewable generation technologies will accelerate the global transition toward carbon neutrality and sustainable economic growth. Strategic investments, supportive regulations, and international collaboration remain essential for achieving long-term energy transition goals.