Published July 17, 2026
| Version v2
Dataset
Open
FETS Dataset: Foundation Models Enable Scalable and Generalizable Energy Time Series Forecasting
Authors/Creators
Description
FETS Dataset: Foundation Models Enable Scalable and Generalizable Energy Time Series Forecasting
This dataset accompanies the paper: "FETS Benchmark: Foundation Models Enable Scalable and Generalizable Energy Time Series Forecasting", Obermeier, M. et al. Paper: arXiv:2604.22328, Code: 10.5281/zenodo.19808930, GitHub: OberMarco/Energy_Benchmark_TSFM_pub
The compilation contains multivariate time series from the European and international energy domain used to evaluate zero-shot and covariate-aware forecasting with state-of-the-art Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs). Nine domain categories are covered: Balancing Services, Dispatchable Generation, Non-Dispatchable Generation, Load, Market Data, Grid Data, Heat Data, Mobility / EV Charging, and Residential Load. All time series are stored in Apache Parquet format; covariate files (weather data as historical forecasts, NWP runs, and ERA5 reanalysis, plus holiday calendars) are included in sub-folders alongside each target series. All timestamps are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
File Structure
{DataClass}/
{DatasetName} - {TargetName}/
{data_file}.parquet ← target time series
covariates/
{cov_file}.parquet ← weather, calendar, …
zenodo_dataset_overview.csv ← machine-readable index
zenodo_description.html ← this file
Data Categories and Datasets
Balancing Services
Balancing Data Germany — Area Control Error (NRV Saldo)
- Folder:
Balancing Services/Balancing Data Germany - Area Control Error (NRV Saldo)/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators
- Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
aFRR Germany — Germany aFRR negativ
- Folder:
Balancing Services/aFRR Germany - Germany aFRR negativ/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators
- Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
aFRR Germany — Germany aFRR positiv
- Folder:
Balancing Services/aFRR Germany - Germany aFRR positiv/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators
- Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
mFRR Germany — TenneT negativ
- Folder:
Balancing Services/mFRR Germany - TenneT negativ/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators
- Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
mFRR Germany — TenneT positiv
- Folder:
Balancing Services/mFRR Germany - TenneT positiv/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs) – redistribution requires written consent of the transmission system operators
- Download: https://www.netztransparenz.de/de-de/Regelenergie/Daten-Regelreserve/Aktivierte-Regelleistung
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Dispatchable Generation
California CAISO — Aggregated Batterys
- Folder:
Dispatchable Generation/California CAISO - Aggregated Batterys/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted
- Download: http://oasis.caiso.com
- Covariates:
calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet
ENTSO-E Germany — Fossil Gas
- Folder:
Dispatchable Generation/ENTSO-E Germany - Fossil Gas/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
ENTSO-E Germany — Fossil Hard Coal
- Folder:
Dispatchable Generation/ENTSO-E Germany - Fossil Hard Coal/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Grid Data
50Hertz Line Power — UW Lubmin - OWP Baltic Eagle
- Folder:
Grid Data/50Hertz Line Power - UW Lubmin - OWP Baltic Eagle/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: 50Hertz – redistribution requires written permission
- Download: https://www.50hertz.com/Transparenz/Kennzahlen/Netzdaten/Netzbelastung
50Hertz Line Power — UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L471
- Folder:
Grid Data/50Hertz Line Power - UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L471/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: 50Hertz – redistribution requires written permission
- Download: https://www.50hertz.com/Transparenz/Kennzahlen/Netzdaten/Netzbelastung
- Covariates:
calendar_1h_DE_2010_2030.parquet
50Hertz Line Power — UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L472
- Folder:
Grid Data/50Hertz Line Power - UW Wieselbach UW Lauchstädt L472/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: 50Hertz – redistribution requires written permission
- Download: https://www.50hertz.com/Transparenz/Kennzahlen/Netzdaten/Netzbelastung
- Covariates:
calendar_1h_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Bayernwerk — Grid Consumption MS
- Folder:
Grid Data/Bayernwerk - Grid Consumption MS/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: Bayernwerk – §23c EnWG publication obligation, no explicit redistribution permission
- Download: https://www.bayernwerk-netz.de/de/bayernwerk-netz-gmbh/netzinformation/veroeffentlichungspflichten/strom/netzstrukturmerkmale.html
- Covariates:
calendar_BY_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Bayernwerk — Grid Feed-in MS
- Folder:
Grid Data/Bayernwerk - Grid Feed-in MS/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: Bayernwerk – §23c EnWG publication obligation, no explicit redistribution permission
- Download: https://www.bayernwerk-netz.de/de/bayernwerk-netz-gmbh/netzinformation/veroeffentlichungspflichten/strom/netzstrukturmerkmale.html
- Covariates:
calendar_BY_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Netze BW LV, Feeder 132 — Active Power
- Folder:
Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 132 - Active Power/ - Data file:
feeder_132.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Netze BW LV, Feeder 160 — Active Power
- Folder:
Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 160 - Active Power/ - Data file:
feeder_160.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Netze BW LV, Feeder 33 — Active Power
- Folder:
Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 33 - Active Power/ - Data file:
feeder_033.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Netze BW LV, Feeder 37 — Active Power
- Folder:
Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 37 - Active Power/ - Data file:
feeder_037.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Netze BW LV, Feeder 63 — Active Power
- Folder:
Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 63 - Active Power/ - Data file:
feeder_063.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Netze BW LV, Feeder 97 — Active Power
- Folder:
Grid Data/Netze BW LV, Feeder 97 - Active Power/ - Data file:
feeder_097.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_BW_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Heat Data
HEAPO: Household Zurich Area — Heatpump 818882
- Folder:
Heat Data/HEAPO_ Household Zurich Area - Heatpump 818882/ - Data file:
818882.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_CH_2010_2030.parquet
HEAPO: Household Zurich Area — Heatpump 971151
- Folder:
Heat Data/HEAPO_ Household Zurich Area - Heatpump 971151/ - Data file:
971151.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_CH_2010_2030.parquet
Heat Grid Flensburg — Heat Demand
- Folder:
Heat Data/Heat Grid Flensburg - Heat Demand/ - Data file:
heatgrid_stadtwerke_flensburg.parquet - License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17177421
- Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_1h_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Load
California CAISO — Aggregated Load
- Folder:
Load/California CAISO - Aggregated Load/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted
- Download: http://oasis.caiso.com
- Covariates:
calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet
DE Power — Load DE
- Folder:
Load/DE Power - Load DE/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
FR Power — Load
- Folder:
Load/FR Power - Load/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
Industrial VEA 2 Agg Profiles — 2 random loads
- Folder:
Load/Industrial VEA 2 Agg Profiles - 2 random loads/ - Data file:
5359_industrial_VEA_aggregated_profiles.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Market Data
California CAISO — LMP NP15
- Folder:
Market Data/California CAISO - LMP NP15/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted
- Download: http://oasis.caiso.com
- Covariates:
calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet
California CAISO — LMP SP15
- Folder:
Market Data/California CAISO - LMP SP15/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted
- Download: http://oasis.caiso.com
- Covariates:
calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet
California CAISO — LMP ZP26
- Folder:
Market Data/California CAISO - LMP ZP26/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted
- Download: http://oasis.caiso.com
- Covariates:
calendar_CA_2010_2030.parquet
ENTSO-E Germany — Day-Ahead Auction
- Folder:
Market Data/ENTSO-E Germany - Day-Ahead Auction/ - Data file:
dayahead_2024_2026q1_15min.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
ENTSO-E Germany — Intraday Continuous
- Folder:
Market Data/ENTSO-E Germany - Intraday Continuous/ - Data file:
intraday_2024.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
ENTSO-E Germany — reBAP
- Folder:
Market Data/ENTSO-E Germany - reBAP/ - Data file:
reBAP Punktewolke 2025-11-27 13-04-43.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Mobility Data
Mobilitaet Public Charging Station — Total Power 50 Agg
- Folder:
Mobility Data/Mobilitaet Public Charging Station - Total Power 50 Agg/ - Data file:
ev_charging_aggregated.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
NL Office EV Park — Total Power
- Folder:
Mobility Data/NL Office EV Park - Total Power/ - Data file:
netherland_ev_charging_aggregated.parquet - License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://doi.org/10.4121/80EF3824-3F5D-4E45-8794-3B8791EFBD13.V1
- Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_NL_2010_2030.parquet
UK Residential Charging Station — Total Power 50 Agg
- Folder:
Mobility Data/UK Residential Charging Station - Total Power 50 Agg/ - Data file:
uk_ev_charging_aggregated.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_UK_2010_2030.parquet
UrbanEV China Charging Station — Aggregated Profile 107
- Folder:
Mobility Data/UrbanEV China Charging Station - Aggregated Profile 107/ - Data file:
urbanEV.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_CN_Shenzhen_2010_2030.parquet
Non-Dispatchable Generation
California CAISO — Aggregated Solar
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/California CAISO - Aggregated Solar/ - Data file: NOT INCLUDED — license does not permit redistribution
- Reason: CAISO OASIS – proprietary terms of use, redistribution not permitted
- Download: http://oasis.caiso.com
DE Power — Solar
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/DE Power - Solar/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
DE Power — Wind Offshore
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/DE Power - Wind Offshore/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
DE Power — Wind Onshore
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/DE Power - Wind Onshore/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
DK Power — Solar
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/DK Power - Solar/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
Energy Forecasting Competition PV Cluster — Solar_MWh_credit
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/Energy Forecasting Competition PV Cluster - Solar_MWh_credit/ - Data file:
pv.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
pv_covariates.parquet
Energy Forecasting Competition Wind+PV — total_MWh_credit
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/Energy Forecasting Competition Wind+PV - total_MWh_credit/ - Data file:
pv_wind_total.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
wind_covariates.parquet
Energy Forecasting Competition Windpark — Wind_MWh_credit
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/Energy Forecasting Competition Windpark - Wind_MWh_credit/ - Data file:
wind.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
wind_covariates.parquet
FR Power — Solar
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/FR Power - Solar/ - Data file:
public_power.parquet - Sources:
Hill of Towie Wind — active_power
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/Hill of Towie Wind - active_power/ - Data file:
hill_of_towie_active_power_15min_2023_2024.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
Hill_of_Towie_T01_reduced.parquet,Hill_of_Towie_T05_reduced.parquet
PV Hong Kong — generation_kwh_UG Hall4
- Folder:
Non-Dispatchable Generation/PV Hong Kong - generation_kwh_UG Hall4/ - Data file:
pv_all_stations_wide.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
meteorology_all_variables.parquet
Residential Load
HTW Berlin Households — 10 random aggregated households
- Folder:
Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - 10 random aggregated households/ - Data file:
aggregated_PL_profiles.parquet - License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/
- Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
HTW Berlin Households — random_household_0
- Folder:
Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - random_household_0/ - Data file:
aggregated_PL_randompick_1.parquet - License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/
- Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
HTW Berlin Households — random_household_1
- Folder:
Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - random_household_1/ - Data file:
aggregated_PL_randompick_1.parquet - License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/
- Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
HTW Berlin Households — random_household_2
- Folder:
Residential Load/HTW Berlin Households - random_household_2/ - Data file:
aggregated_PL_randompick_1.parquet - License: CC BY-NC 4.0 – non-commercial use only – https://solar.htw-berlin.de/elektrische-lastprofile-fuer-wohngebaeude/
- Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Household Lower Saxony — NO_PV_SFH10_P_TOT
- Folder:
Residential Load/Household Lower Saxony - NO_PV_SFH10_P_TOT/ - Data file:
lower_saxony.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Household Lower Saxony — NO_PV_SFH31_P_TOT
- Folder:
Residential Load/Household Lower Saxony - NO_PV_SFH31_P_TOT/ - Data file:
lower_saxony.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Household Lower Saxony — WITH_PV_SFH15_P_TOT
- Folder:
Residential Load/Household Lower Saxony - WITH_PV_SFH15_P_TOT/ - Data file:
lower_saxony.parquet - Sources:
- Covariates:
calendar_DE_2010_2030.parquet
Data Sources and References
General / Weather / Calendar
- Open-Meteo Weather Data (CC BY 4.0)
- Holiday calendars – Murza et al. (2025)
- ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019)
- CAISO OASIS (not redistributable – All rights reserved)
- gridstatus library – Kanter (2025)
Grid Data
- Bayernwerk Netz GmbH – Grid Structure Publication (not redistributable)
- 50Hertz Grid Load Data (not redistributable)
- 200 LV Feeders Paper – Treutlein et al., arXiv (2026)
- 200 LV Feeders Dataset – Treutlein et al., Zenodo (2025)
Balancing / Market Data
- ENTSO-E Transparency Platform – TSO Open Data Policy (2019)
- reBAP – Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs, not redistributable)
- Activated Control Reserve – Netztransparenz.de (not redistributable)
- Intraday Continuous Prices – Energy Charts / Fraunhofer ISE (not redistributable)
Heat Data
- HEAPO Heat Pump Dataset – Brudermüller et al. (2025)
- Flensburg District Heating – Freißmann et al. (2025)
Mobility / EV Charging
- NL EV Office Charging – de Bont et al. (2024)
- German Mobility Data – Mobilithek.info
- UrbanEV Benchmark – Li et al., Sci Data (2025)
- UK EV Chargepoint Analysis 2017 – Dept. for Transport
Non-Dispatchable Generation
- Hybrid Energy Forecasting Competition – Browell (2025)
- Hill of Towie Wind Farm – Clerc & Lingkan (2025)
- Hong Kong Rooftop PV – Lin et al., Sci Data (2025)
Load / Residential / Industrial
- 28 German Companies Power – Huber et al., KIT (2023)
- 5359 Industrial VEA Load Profiles – Tiemann (2024)
- German SFH Load Profiles – Schlemminger et al., Sci Data (2022)
- HTW Berlin Residential Profiles – Tjaden, HTW Berlin (CC BY-NC 4.0)
License Notes
The majority of datasets in this compilation are licensed under CC BY 4.0 or equivalent open licenses (ENTSO-E TSO Open Data Policy 2019, OGL v3.0, DL-DE/BY-2.0) and may be freely redistributed with attribution.
The following datasets carry a non-commercial (NC) license and are included here for research purposes only. Commercial use requires separate permission from the respective rights holders:
- Flensburg District Heating – CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
- NL Office EV Park – CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
- HTW Berlin Households – CC BY-NC 4.0
The following datasets are NOT included (no redistribution permitted) – direct download links are provided in the individual dataset entries above:
- CAISO OASIS (Battery, Load, Solar, LMP) – All rights reserved
- 50Hertz Grid Load – reproduction requires written permission
- Bayernwerk Grid Data – §23c EnWG, no redistribution right
- reBAP & activated control reserve – Netztransparenz.de (German TSOs)
- Intraday continuous prices – Energy Charts / Fraunhofer ISE
This compilation (excluding NC subsets) is released under CC BY 4.0.
Files
FETS_Dataset.zip
Additional details
Related works
- Is supplement to
- Preprint: arXiv:2604.22328 (arXiv)
- Is supplemented by
- Software: 10.5281/zenodo.19808930 (DOI)