Advances in Preload Optimization for Dental Implant Abutment Screws: Emerging Technologies and Future Directions- A Narrative Review.
Description
Abstract
The main biomechanical factor influencing the stability of the dental implant abutment screws is the preload or compressive clamping force developed in a screw joint when it is tightened. Mechanical difficulties of implant prostheses are most often caused by inadequate preload which can lead to screw loosening, micro-gap creation, peri-implant bone loss and screw fracture. The present paper gives a complete assessment of the concept, biomechanical mechanism, ideal values, clinical repercussions, influencing factors and standardised protocols for the application of preload. Special emphasis is placed on the torque–preload connection, friction losses and embedding relaxation. The paper discusses recent breakthroughs in diamond-like carbon coatings, smart electronic torque devices, nanostructured titanium screws, AI-assisted tightening systems, and the future views of real-time preload monitoring and functionally graded materials for screws. Preload is an important concept that the doctor should grasp in order to achieve long term implant prosthesis success.
Keywords: Preload; Abutment screw; Implant biomechanics; Screw loosening; Torque; Clamping force.