Pakistani Kushti (Pehlwani): Traditional Wrestling and Warrior Physical Culture along the Silk Road

Pakistani Kushti (Pehlwani) represents one of the oldest surviving systems of traditional wrestling and physical culture in Eurasia. More than a competitive sport, Kushti preserves a comprehensive educational system integrating physical conditioning, ethical discipline, martial training, and community life. This paper examines the historical development of Pakistani wrestling from ancient regional traditions through the Mughal period to the present day. Particular attention is given to Kushti as a component of the broader warrior physical culture that spread along the Silk Road. Through comparative analysis, this study argues that Kushti shares common structural characteristics with other traditional wrestling systems of the Eurasian steppe, including Northern Ssireum, Bökh, Kurash, and Caucasian wrestling traditions.

INSF Traditional Wrestling Research Project

Published by the International Northern Ssireum Federation

INSF Academic Series

Volume 5

Project Framework

This paper was prepared as part of the INSF Traditional Wrestling Research Project, an international research initiative coordinated by the International Northern Ssireum Federation (INSF). The project promotes the documentation, preservation, and comparative study of indigenous wrestling traditions and warrior cultures from participating countries. National advisors and collaborating researchers contribute country-specific research within the framework of this international academic initiative.