Biochemical Pathways as Origami ISA Programmes: Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC, and Calvin as Orbit Sequences

Expresses the major biochemical pathways — glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, Calvin cycle, nitrogen fixation, beta-oxidation, urea cycle, and fatty acid synthesis — as explicit Origami ISA programmes. Each cofactor is identified as an opcode; each reaction step as an ISA instruction. Shows that ORBIT-structured pathways are thermodynamically more efficient than linear ones, explaining the universal adoption of cyclic architecture in metabolism.