MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHANGES IN THE SPLEEN AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF TWO TYPES OF NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IN 3-MONTH-OLD WHITE INBRED RATS.

In this study, two types of anti-inflammatory drugs were used in 3-month-old white rats. These anti-inflammatory drugs were given for 10 days. After 10 days, the macroscopic structure and microscopic structure of the spleen, which was extracted by decapitation, were stained with hematoxylin eosin and vangison methods, and the results of the spleen data obtained using macromorphometric and micromorphometric methods of shedding are presented.          Among the recently emerging toxicants, significant attention has been focused on new objects produced using nanotechnology. These include various materials and preparations containing nanoparticles—isolated solid-phase objects with a clearly defined boundary with the environment, with sizes in all three dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm. A number of unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, compared to traditional microstructured materials, lead to their widespread use in various industries and biomedicine. However, there is a justified concern that their small size, very high specific surface area (per unit mass), and significant reactivity allow them to easily penetrate biological barriers, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species that damage intracellular biological structures. Among the currently used nanomaterials, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are the most widely used [1,19,20,21]. They possess a number of consumer advantages related to good photocatalytic activity, high chemical and thermal stability, and relatively low cost, enabling their use in microelectronics, energy, chemical and food industries, perfumes and cosmetics, optics, construction, and environmental monitoring and protection [1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. The rapid growth in the number of publications on the effects of TiO2 NPs on various organs and tissues demonstrates the high interest of researchers in the biological safety of their use [3,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. However, the cellular basis for damage to various organs and tissues and the reasons for this vulnerability to the effects of NPs remain virtually unexplored. The adverse effects of TiO2 NPs on human cells and tissues are manifested both in industrial settings, where exposure to them is unavoidable, and as a result of their intentional use, such as their inclusion in food, industrial, and pharmaceutical products.