Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
Published June 24, 2026 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Teaching competencies as a key element for educational achievement and equity: a PISA-based study

Authors/Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Universidad de Salamanca
  • 2. ROR icon Pontifical University of Salamanca

Description

Teaching competencies are a fundamental element in promoting quality, equitable education. This paper aims to
analyse how teaching competencies relate to academic achievement and educational equity. Using the PISA 2018
database, comprising a representative sample of 35,943 students and 21,621 teachers in Spain, the study pro-
poses a multilevel predictive model of academic performance (at the student and school levels) based on
teaching-related factors. In relation to academic performance, the results show that teacher satisfaction and
adaptation of teaching are positively associated with performance; feedback and direct instruction, however, are
negatively associated. As for educational equity, a positive interaction between family socioeconomic status and
all teaching factors can be observed. Therefore, parallel to adequate professional teacher development, equitable
and effective teaching-learning processes seem possible only through stronger political and school-level measures
that promote equal opportunities

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https://summa.upsa.es/details.vm?q=id:0000179571

Dates

Accepted
2026-06-22

References

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