Innovative Parking Management System Utilizing Spatial Data: A GIS-Based Analysis of London Borough Parking Distribution

Urban parking management in densely populated cities such as London presents a significant challenge for transportation planners and policymakers. This paper presents a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis of parking distribution across all 33 London boroughs, utilising real-world OpenStreetMap parking data comprising over 1,200 parking locations. Employing overlay analysis, point-in-polygon spatial operations, and kernel density estimation, this study identifies critical disparities in parking supply across London. Results reveal that Westminster leads with 124 recorded parking facilities, while Haringey, Ealing, Redbridge, and Merton record only 4 each — a 31-fold difference. The top five boroughs (Westminster, Hillingdon, Kensington and Chelsea, Tower Hamlets, and Lambeth) collectively account for a disproportionate share of London's total parking supply. These findings highlight significant spatial inequalities in parking infrastructure and provide evidence-based recommendations for smart parking solutions integrated with GIS technologies. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on smart city infrastructure and data-driven urban mobility planning.